DISTANCE LEARNING CENTRE  
Ahmadu Bello University 
 
STUDENT HANDBOOK 
 
B.Sc. COMPUTER SCIENCE

ii 
ABU DLC  Student Handbook (B.Sc. Computer Science) 
© 2023 Distance Learning Centre, ABU Zaria, Nigeria 
 
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be 
reproduced in any form or by other mean s (electronic, 
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the 
prior permission of the Director, Distance Learning Centre, 
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 
 
First published 2018 
 
Published and Printed by

Published and Printed by 
Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited, Zaria, 
Kaduna State, Nigeria. 
Tel: 08065949711 
abupress@abu.edu.ng 
info@abupress.com.ng 
Website: www.abupress.com.ng

iii 
FORWORD 
 
Whereas the Distance Learning Centre Prospectus covers all 
aspects of the Distance Learning delivery in Ahmadu Bello 
University, the DLC B.Sc. Computer Science  Student 
Handbook is designed to give you an overview of the B.Sc. 
Computer S cience by Distance Learning in the Ahmadu Bello 
University.  
 
A Handbook of this nature is a must read for you. It provides

useful information on the nature, orientation and scope of the 
B.Sc. Computer Science  programme as well as highlights the 
uniqueness of this delivery modality. 
 
As you opt for the distance learning mode to acquire a Bachelor 
of Science degree in Computer Science, we shall strive to make 
your learning experience a memorable one.  
 
I urge you to commit, discipline and submit yourself to the 
demand of distance education. This shall entail an appraisal of

your obligations and most suitable time to commit to your 
studies. You are to note that your success as a distance learner 
largely depends on you as there are no lecture time table or 
lecturers to insist you should be in class at any specific time. 
 
Once again, I welcome you to a wonderful experience of 
distance learn ing and looking forward to seeing you on 
graduation day. 
 
Prof. Muhammed Ibrahim SULE 
Director, Distance Learning Centre

iv 
 CONTENTS 
 
Copyright Page ... ... ... ... ... ii 
Forword ... ... ... ... ... ... iii 
Contents ... ... ... ... ... … iv 
 
PART 1: General Information ... ... ... 1 
1.1 Principal Officers of the University  ... ... 3 
1.2 Visitor, Principal Officers, Deans and Directors 4 
1.3 DLC Principal Officers ... ... ... 7 
1.4 Historical Perspective  ... ... ... 8 
1.5 University Administration ... ... ... 10

1.5 University Administration ... ... ... 10 
1.6 Faculties, Institutes, Centres and Schools ... 12
  
PART 2 Distance Learning Centre  ... ... 14
  
2.1 Introduction ... ... ... ... ... 15 
2.2 Distance Learning Centre Academic Calendar. 16 
2.3 Deployment of Distance Learning Programmes 19 
2.4 Studying as a Distance Learner ... ... 19 
2.5 Waiver and Deferment Guidelines ... ... 31 
 
PART 3 BSc. Computer Science ... ... ... 39 
3.1 Overview ... ... ... ... ... 40

3.1 Overview ... ... ... ... ... 40 
3.2 Objectives of Programme ... ... ... 41 
3.3 Admission Requirements ... ... ... 42 
3.4 Registration ... ... ... ... ... 42 
3.5 Matriculation ... ... ... ... ... 43 
3.6 Complaints and Counselling ... ... ... 44 
3.7 Course Structure and Requirements for Graduation 44 
3.8 Examination Results ... ... ... ... 85 
3.9 Classification of Degree ... ... ... 86 
Appendix 1: DLC Examination Policy and Guidelines 87 
1.0 Introduction ... ... ... ... ... 87

v 
1.1 Preamble ... ... ... ... ... 87 
1.2 DLC Law and Statute  ... ... ... 87 
1.3 Justification for DLC Examination Policy ... 87 
2.0 Examination Venues ... ... ... ... 88 
2.1 Nigerian Students ... ... ... ... 88 
2.2 International Students ... ... ... ... 88 
3.0 Preparation For Examinations  ... ... 89 
4.0 Administering Examinations ... ... ... 90 
5.0 Appointment of External/Internal Moderators/Examiners 92

6.0 General Examination Regulations ... ... 92 
7.0 Consequences for Failing to Write Examinations 94 
8.0    Academic Monitoring/Quality Assurance ... 95 
9.0 Research Work and Project, Dissertation and Thesis 
management ... ...  … … 95 
10.0    Duties of Invigilators ... ... ... ... 95 
11.0 Examination Malpractice ... ... ... 96 
12.0 Sanctions ... ... ... ... ... 97 
12.1 Offence by Students  ... ... ... ... 97  
11.2 Offences Involving Staff ... ... ... 99

11.2 Offences Involving Staff ... ... ... 99 
13.0 Management of Examination Results ... ... 99

ABU Distance Learning Student Handbook (B.Sc. Computer Science) 
vi 
 
PART I 
General Information

1 
 
Sir Ahmadu Bello, KBE, GCON 
Sardaunan Sokoto and Premier of Northern Nigeria 
Founder and First Chancellor, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

2 
1.1 PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNIVERSITY 
 
His Majesty, Nnaemeka Alfred Ugochukwu Achebe, CFR 
Chancellor. 
(Obi of Onitsha) 
                                           
Malam Adamu Fika, CFR                      Prof. Kabiru Bala, FNIOB,         
MICIArb  (Wazirin Fika)                      Vice-Chancellor 
   Pro-Chancellor and Chairman of Council

Prof. Ahmed Doko Ibrahim                  Prof. Danladi A. Ameh  
Deputy Vice-Chancellor,          Deputy Vice-Chancellor, 
       Administration            Academic                    
 
  Mal. Rabiu Samaila                           Mal. Muhammad Bello Aminu Gurin 
           Registrar                          Bursar 
        
Mal. Abdulhameed Gambo Liman       
Ag. University Librarian

3 
1.2 VISITOR, PRINCIPAL OFFICERS, DEANS AND 
DIRECTORS 
 
Visitor: Bola Ahmed Tinubu,  GCFR, President and Commander in 
Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. 
Chancellor: His Majesty, Nnaemeka Alfred Ugochukwu Achebe, 
CFR, Obi of Onitsha (Agbogidi).  
Pro-Chancellor and Chairman Governing Council: Malam Adamu 
Fika, CFR, (Wazirin Fika). 
Vice-Chancellor: Prof. Kabiru Bala, MBA, Ph.D, FNIOB, MAPM,

MCABE, MSClarb 
Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Administration):  Prof. Ahmed Doko 
Ibrahim, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. 
Deputy Vice- Chancellor (Academic):  Professor. Danladi Amodu 
Ameh. B.Sc., MSc., Ph.D.  
Registrar: Mal. Rabiu Samaila  
Bursar: Mal. Muhammad Bello Aminu Gurin 
Ag. Librarian:  Mal. Abdulhameed Gambo Liman 
Ag. Provost, College of Medical Sciences: Prof. M. S. Shehu 
Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies: Prof. Sani A. Abdullahi

Director, Directorate of Academic Planning & Monitoring: Prof. 
Bello Mukhtar 
Dean, Students Affairs: Prof. M. Yakasai Fatihu      
Director, Distance Learning Centre: Prof. M. I. Sule                                                                                                                                                          
Director, Institute of Administration: Prof. Siraj Barau Abdulkarim 
Director, Institute of Development Research & Training: Prof. 
Binta Abdulkarim

Binta Abdulkarim 
Director, National Animal Production Research Institute: Prof. A. 
M. Kolo 
Director, Centre for Energy Research and Training: Prof. S. A. 
Jonah 
Director, Institute for Agricultural Research: Prof. M. F. Ishiyaku 
Director, Institute of Education: Prof. Bashir A. Maina 
Director, University Health Service: Prof. Muhammed S. Isah 
Director, Division of Agricultural Colleges: Prof. Musa A. Mahdi 
Director, National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison

Services: Prof. Ike Emmanuel Ikani 
Director, School of Basic and Remedial Studies, Funtua: Prof. 
Balarabe Abdullahi 
Director, Ahmadu Bello University Consultancy Services: Dr. 
Umar Farouq Yaya

4 
Director, Directorate of University Advancement: Prof. Sani Abba 
Aliyu 
Director, Iya Abubakar Institute of Computing and ICT: Malam 
Shuaibu Umar 
Managing Director, ABU Press: Malam Ahmad Ibrahim Ja’e 
Director, Veterinary Teaching Hospital: Prof. Sani Adamu 
Director, Centre for Biotechnology Research & Training: Prof. 
Muhammad Nasir Shuaibu 
Director, Centre for Historical Research and Documentation

(CHRD) - Arewa House: Dr. S. S. Aliyu  
Director, Equipment Development & Maintenance Centre: Prof. 
Abdulghaffar Amoka 
Director, Centre for Disaster Risk Management & Development 
Studies: Dr. Usman A. Kibon 
Director, Centre for Counselling & Human Development: Dr. 
(Mrs.) Sa’adatu M. Makarfi 
Ag. Director, Physical Planning & Municipal Services: Arc. 
Sulaiman Mohammed 
Director, International Centre of Excellence for Rural Finance 
and Entrepreneurship: Dr Idris B. Bugaje

and Entrepreneurship: Dr Idris B. Bugaje 
Director, Centre for Islamic Legal Studies: Dr. Sa’ad Musa 
Abubakar 
Chief Medical Director, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching 
Hospital: Prof. Ahmed Umdagas Hamidu 
Director, CBN Centre for Economic & Finance: Prof. Auwalu 
Haruna 
Director, Centre for Inland Basin Studies: Prof. Umaru Adamu 
Dambatta 
Director, Directorate of Sports: Dr. Ali Isa Danlami 
Director, Public Affairs Directorate: Mal. Auwalu Umar

Dean, ABU Business School: Dr. Idris Ahmed Aliyu 
Dean, Faculty of Administration: Prof. Musa Idris 
Dean, Faculty of Agriculture: Prof. Mukhtari Mahmoud 
Dean, Faculty of Arts: Prof. Muhammad Sule  
Dean, Dental Surgery: Prof. S. O. Ajike 
Dean, Faculty of Education: Prof. H. I. Bayero 
Dean, Faculty of Engineering: Prof. Mohammed I. Dabo 
Dean, Faculty of Environmental Design:  Prof. Umar A. A. 
Sullayman  
Dean, Faculty of Law: Dr. Salim Bashir Magashi

Dean, Faculty of Law: Dr. Salim Bashir Magashi 
Dean, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences: Prof. Wilson O. Hamman

5 
Dean, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences: Prof. Shehu Abubakar 
Akuyam 
Dean, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences: Prof. H. M. Muktar 
Dean, Faculty of Clinical Sciences: Prof. M. M. Dauda 
Dean, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences: Prof. A. Musa 
Dean, Faculty of Life Sciences: Prof. M.N. Shuaibu 
Dean, Faculty of Physical Sciences: Prof. I. M. Jaro 
Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences: Dr. Shamsuddeen Mohammed

6 
1.3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 
 
Ahmadu Bello University is one of the First Generation Universities 
in Nigeria. Others in this category are: the University of Ibadan, the 
University of Nigeria Nsukka, the Un iversity of Lagos and the  
University of Ife Ile -Ife, now called  Obafemi Awolowo University, 
Ile-Ife.  
 
ABU had a good start because of its solid foundatio n laid by its

founding father, Sir Ahmadu Bello . He attracted to Zaria a talented 
crop of academics from across Nigeria and other parts of the world, 
which got the University going on a foundation of excellence. The 
University was officially launched on 4th October, 1962 in a colourful 
ceremony presided over by its first Chancellor, Sir Ahmadu Bello, 
Sardauna of Sokoto , and attended by dignitaries from all over 
Nigeria, West Africa and other parts of the Commonwealth.

Although officially opened in 1962, th e origin of the Ahmadu Bello 
University dated back ten years earlier when the Nigerian College of 
Arts, Science and Technology was founded in Samaru, Zaria and 
provided courses in Engineering, Architecture, Fine Art and 
Education. Many of the earlier Engin eers and Architects in Nigeria 
had their education and training in this college. But it was in the area 
of Fine Art that the College most distinguished itself, creating a

distinct and African form of art, known today internationally as the 
Zaria School of Art. 
 
At its official take off in 1962,  Ahmadu Bello University had a 
student body of no more than three thousand enrolled in its various 
programmes. Toda y, the student body is over fif ty thousand, the 
majority of them are undergraduates but with a sizeable and growing 
number of postgraduate students.  
 
As the University now looks forward, it faces the challenge of

creating a digital environment in which the most up -to-date 
technology assists and serves the process of teaching, learning and

7 
research. The vision is that of a campus with internet access in every 
office, classroom and laboratory, and with a student body and 
academics versatile in the use and application of these technologies. 
 
The University opened with just four Faculties - Agriculture, 
Engineering, Law and Sci ence –fifteen Departments. The 
institutionhas since inception been under  the successive Vice -

Chancellorship of Professor Norman Alexander (1961 -1966), 
Professor Ishaya Audu (1966 -1975), Professor Iya Abubakar (1975 -
1978), Professor Oladipo  Akinkugbe (1978 -1979), Professor Ango 
Abdullahi (1979-1986), Professor Adamu Nayaya Mohammed (1986-
1991), Professor Daniel Saror (1991 -1995), Gen. Mamman 
Kontagora (1995 -1998), Professor Abdullahi Mahad i (1998 -2004), 
Professor S.U. Abdullahi (2004-2009), Professor Abdullahi Mustapha

(2009-2015), Professor  Ibrahim Garba (2015 -2020) and currently 
Prof.essor Kabiru Bala (2020 to date).  
 
In 1987, the year in which the University celebrated its 25 th 
Anniversary, it had turned out to be the largest and the most extensive 
of all Universities in Sub-Sahara Africa. It covers a land area of about 
7,000 hectares and has Eigh teen Faculties, a School of Postgraduate 
Studies, a Business School and 120 Departments. There are also six

Institutes, eight specialised Centres , a Division of four Agricultural 
Colleges, a School of Basic and Remedial Studies, a Demonstration 
Secondary School, and a Primary School. 
 
The University has of recent been undergoing a fundamental re -
organisation. From what has so far been done; it is e vident that 
Ahmadu Bello University will certainly outgrow its crises and 
become, as it was before, an embodiment of excellence.

8 
1.4  ZARIA 
 
Zaria is a city in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Once called Zazzau, the 
community was founded in the 14th century as  one of the seven 
original Hausa city-states. According to oral tradition, Zazzau rose to 
prominence in the early 15th century under the brilliant military 
leadership of Queen Amina. It became part of the Songhai Empire in 
the 16th century, fell to the Ful ani in the early 19th century, and was

captured by the British in 1901.  
It is a road and rail hub in a major agricultural area. The city is a 
market centre for locally produced cotton, peanuts, hides and skins, 
shea nuts, corn, sorghum, and vegetables. In dustries include cotton 
ginning, peanut and shea -nut milling, tanning, cottonseed -oil 
production, and the manufacture of cigarettes, bicycles, perfumes, and 
soap. Zaria is an important centre of education and research, with

Ahmadu Bello University and affi liated institutions such as the 
Institute for Agricultural Research, National Animal Production 
Research Institute, National Agricultural and Research Liaison 
Services and the Centre for Energy Research and Training.  It also 
hosts the National Research In stitute for Chemical Technology, 
Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Nigerian Institute for 
Transport Technology, Nigerian Military School, Nigerian Army

Depot, Nigerian Army School of Military Police, National Institute 
for Tuberculosis Research and the Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic among 
others.  
Zaria is made up of the following wards: Zaria -City, Tudun Wada, 
Kongo/Gyallesu, Tudun Jukun, Tukur Tukur, Wusasa, Sabon Gari, 
Muchia/Chikaji, GRA, Kwangila, Hanwa, Palladan, Samaru and 
Zango.

9 
 
                                                        Map of Nigeria showing Zaria arrowed. 
 
1.5 PHILOSOPHY AND OBJECTIVES OF THE UNIVERSITY 
 
At the first  ceremony of Ahmadu Bello University in 1963, the 
founding father and mentor of the University, Sir Ahmadu Bello, 
enunciated the philosophy of ABU when he said: “The first duty of 
every university is the search for and the spread of knowledge and the

establishment of truths... But it must also serve the need of the 
nation.”  
 
The philosophy of Ahmadu Bello University is predicated upon the 
“cardinal principles of imparting knowledge and learning to men and 
women of all races without any distinction on the grounds of race, 
religious or political beliefs” 
 
Hence, the objectives of Ahmadu Bello University as articulated i n 
Article 4 of its 1962 and 1975 Laws are: 
“To provide regular and liberal courses of instruction in the

humanities, sciences and other spheres of learning of a standard

10 
required and expected of a university of the highest standing, to 
promote research and the advancement of science and learning and to 
secure the diffusion of knowledge throughout Nigeria”. 
 
1.6 UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATION 
 
Ahmadu Bello University is owned by the Federal Government of 
Nigeria which funds it. The President and Commander-in-Chief of the 
Armed Forces of Nigeria is the Visitor. There is a Chancellor who is

the ceremonial Head of the University; a Pro Chancellor and 
Chairman of Council; a Vice -Chancellor who is the Chief Executive 
and Academic Officer of the University, and a Govern ing Council 
with power to manage all matters of the University not otherwise 
provided for or under the University Law. 
 
The academic affairs of the University are managed by the Senate, 
under which there are Faculty Boards, and a School of Postgraduate

Studies Board.  There are also Boards of Governors as well as 
Professional Academic Boards of Institutes and Centres which 
administer their respective administrative and academic matters. 
 
The University Senate building

11 
1.7 FACULTIES, INSTITUTES, CENTRES AND SCHOOLS 
1. ABU Business School 
2. Faculty of Administration 
3. Faculty of Agriculture  
4. Faculty of Arts 
5. Faculty of Education 
6. Faculty of Engineering 
7. Faculty of Environmental Design 
8. Faculty of Law  
9. College of Medical Sciences 
10. Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences 
11. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences 
12. Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences

12. Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences 
13. Faculty of Clinical Sciences  
14. Faculty of Dental Surgery 
15. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 
16. Faculty of Life Sciences 
17. Faculty of Physical Sciences 
18. Faculty of Social Sciences 
19. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 
20. School of Postgraduate Studies 
21. Distance Learning Centre 
22. Institute of Administration 
23. Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) 
24. Institute of Development Research (IDR & T)

24. Institute of Development Research (IDR & T) 
25. Institute of Education 
26. Division of Agricultural Colleges (DAC) 
27. National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) 
28. National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services 
(NAERLS) 
29. Centre for Islamic Legal Studies (CILS) 
30. Centre for Historical Research and Documentation (CHRD) - 
Arewa House 
31. Iya Abubakar Institute for Computing and ICT  
32. Centre for Energy Research and Training

12 
33. International Centre of Excellence for Rural Finance and 
Entrepreneurship (ICERFE) 
34. Centre for Biotechnology Research and Training 
35. The Veterinary Teaching Hospital 
36. Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) 
37. Equipment Development & Maintenance Centre 
38. Centre for Disaster Risk Management & Development Studies 
(CDRMDS) 
39. Centre for Counselling & Human Development

39. Centre for Counselling & Human Development 
40. CBN Centre for Economic & Finance 
41. Centre for Inland Basin Studies 
42. Institute of Health

13 
 
PART II 
Distance Learning Centre

14 
2.1 DISTANCE LEARNING 
 
2.1.1   Preamble 
 
The need to commence Distance Learning in ABU has been a product 
of internal demands initiated by the School of Postgraduate Studies as 
well external agitations by some alumni as exemplified at the 50 th 
anniversary by Mallam Adamu Fika in his lead paper to mark  ABU’s 
golden jubilee where he said  “ABU should consider developing an

effective Distance Learning System that deploys modern 
communication facilities and online tutorial to impact functional 
knowledge to the millions who may not be able to enroll on its regular 
campus-based programmes”.  
 
Annually, an average of 13,000 applicants applied for various 
postgraduate programmes in the Ahmadu Bello University, although 
about 70% of these were qualified, less than 5, 000 are usually 
Admitted due to the limitatio n of on -campus facilities. The situation

is even worse with the undergraduate programmes where 31,000 
applicants to Ahmadu Bello University scored the minimum JAMB 
requirement of 180 points. Less than 10,000 of these can be admitted 
due to the same reason. It is thus obvious that ABU has not been able 
to satisfy the demands for those interested in obtaining ABU degrees. 
 
It has also been noted that Nigeria has been credited to be among the 
countries with the highest number of students studying abroad with

about 71,000 studying in Ghana alone and paying not less than 155 
billion Naira as tuition annually. ABU should cash on this opportunity 
to increase its relevance as well as revenue base. In an on campus 
model “there are obviously limits to how many additio nal students 
can be admitted without negatively impacting on quality. The Europe 
Africa Quality Connect Evaluation Report concluded that ABU has 
obviously curtailed its capacity to generate any additional income by

means of enrolling additional students. T he need to explore other 
options of delivery and student enrollment is thus obvious.

15 
2.1.2 Distance Learning 
The principal objective of the Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) in 
establishing a Distance Learning Centre (DLC) is to put in place an 
administrative structure responsible for the coordination and delivery 
of its Distance learning programmes at both the Undergraduate and 
postgraduate levels. 
  
The DLC is a semi -autonomous administrative Unit responsible for

the coordination and delivery of Distance Lea rning programmes of 
the Ahmadu Bello University.  
 
2.1.3 Philosophy, Vision and Mission  
Philosophy 
To radically proffer an alternative but robust delivery model for 
Ahmadu Bello University degrees and other qualifications in line with 
Universal ODL best practices.  
 
Vision 
The Distance Learning Centre, Ahmadu Bello University shall be a 
unique Distance Learning Centre of repute excelling in the delivery of

Certificate/Diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in 
all fields to advance the scope of ABU’s reach in educational delivery 
as envisaged by the founding fathers of the University. 
 
Mission 
The mission of the Distance Learning Centre is to ensure qualitative, 
accessible and timely delivery of approved academic programmes to 
its students withou t distinction based on geographic location, race, 
sex, religion or other affiliations. 
 
2.1.4 Objectives

2.1.4 Objectives 
The principal objective of commencing the Open Distance and e -
Learning (ODL) delivery of both undergraduate and postgraduate 
programmes is to extend th e reach of the university in the delivery of 
quality and reputable undergraduate and postgraduate studies leading

16 
to the award of Ahmadu Bello University Undergraduate and 
Postgraduate Degrees. 
 
E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning  and flexible 
learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face -to-face 
teaching or issuance of course material on computers, i -pads, 
CD/DVDs and hard copies, in which case th e term Blended learning 
is commonly used. Whereas the online option has become the primary

modality in the delivery of tertiary education in distance learning in 
some countries, the reality of Nigeria makes Blended learning a more 
realistic option. 
 
2.1.5   Location 
The Distance Learning Centre of the Ahmadu Bello University (see 
pictures) is currently located in the Ahmadu Coomassie Building 
(former ABU Bookshop) adjacent th e Senate Building on the Main 
Campus. 
                         
Frontage and Interior view of the Distance Learning Centre 
 
2.1.6 Administration

2.1.6 Administration 
The Distance Learning Centre is directly responsible to the Ahmadu 
Bello University Senate and Management on academic and 
administrative matters respectively. 
 
Whereas the Governing Board of the Distance Learning Centre sets 
out policies for the Centre in line with the overall policies of the 
Ahmadu Bello University, the Academic Board considers all

17 
academic matt ers prior to its submission to University Senate. The 
day-to-day administration of the Centre is undertaken by the DLC 
Management, which comprises of the Director assisted by three 
Deputy Directors (Administration, Academic and Learner Support 
Service & IT), a Secretary and several Unit and Sectional Heads. 
 
2.2 DISTANCE LEARNING ACADEMIC CALENDAR

2.2 DISTANCE LEARNING ACADEMIC CALENDAR 
 
The Academic Calendar of the Distance Learning Centre shall be 
developed annually by the Management of the Centre and presented 
to the Academic Board for deliberations and approval. 
 
There shall be three Semesters annually, comprising of One week 
orientation (for new students only) 12 weeks of interaction, one week 
of optional tutorials/face to face on campus interaction and 2 weeks of

examination. In each of the Semesters, there shall be 2 examination 
groups (weekends and weekdays). Students are at liberty to select 
which of the examination groups they may participate in. The 
calendar of the Distance Learning programmes shall differ from that 
of on campus programmes to accommodate the 3 semesters and other 
peculiarities of Distance Learning.

18 
ABU DLC ACADEMIC CALENDAR/PLANNER 
 
N.B: - Semester Examinations 1st/2nd Week January 
        -  All Sessions commence Mid-February 
        - 1 Week break between Semesters and 4 Weeks vocation at end of 
session. 
        - Semester 3 is OPTIONAL (Fast-tracking, making up carry-overs 
& deferments

19 
2.3 PROGRAMMES FOR DISTANCE LEARNING DELIVERY 
 
2.3.1 Certificate Programmes 
Specific Certificate course as dictated by market needs shall be 
developed in consultation with the relevant Department of the 
University. The Public Relations and Marketing section shall be 
responsible for making the necessary contacts in this regard. 
 
2.3.2 Undergraduate Programmes

2.3.2 Undergraduate Programmes 
The Centre currently deploys 9 undergraduate programmes viz.: BSc. 
Business Administration, BSc. Public Administration, BSc. 
Economics, BNSc. Nursing Science, B.Sc. Political Science, B.Sc. 
International Studies, B.Sc. Sociology, B.Sc. Accounting and B.Sc. 
Computer Science. It is however projected that undergraduate 
programmes from the Faculties of Administration, Arts, Education, 
Social Sciences, ABU Business School, Sciences, would be added to 
these.

these. 
 
2.3.3 Postgraduate Programmes 
The Master in Business Adm inistration (MBA) is the flagship for the 
delivery of postgraduate programmes. Seven additional PG 
programmes that include Master in International Affairs & 
Diplomacy (MIAD), Master in Public Health (MPH), Master in Law 
Enforcement & Criminal Justice (MLCJ ), Master in Information 
Management (MIM), Master in Public Administration (MPA), 
Postgraduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) and Postgraduate

Diploma in Management (PGDM) were also deployed. Additional PG 
programmes shall be deployed every session as approval is received.

20 
2.4 DEPLOYMENT OF DISTANCE LEARNING 
PROGRAMMES 
 
2.4.1 Delivery Stages 
Distance learning delivery of Certificate, Diploma, UG and PG 
Programmes in the Ahmadu Bello University shall involve the 
following stages: 
i. Online Application by the prospective student. 
ii. Provisional admission by the corresponding Admissions 
Committee of the DLC. 
iii. Confirmation of admission by JAMB (UG programmes only).

iv. Online Registration by students. 
v. Assignment of Tutors to students and Academic advisers to 
Resource Centres 
vi. Matriculation and Orientation  
vii. Course work/Academic activities (Lectures) for the 
corresponding number of years. 
viii. Project work and seminar. 
ix. Examination result/project report submission to DLC 
Academic Board. 
x. Submission of Examination result to SPGS Board (PG 
programmes); Senate (UG Programmes and corresponding

Professional and Academic Boards (Diploma programmes). 
xi. Approval of results. 
xii. Graduation and Convocation.   
 
2.4.2 Matriculation 
All students entering the university for the first time to undergo the 
first year of their programme will be required to matriculate at a 
formal ceremony presided over by the Vice Chancellor. The 
ceremony shall be held at the Main Campus.  
 
The Director of DLC will present students for matriculation, whilst

the Registrar/repre sentative reads out the Matriculation Oath viz “I 
solemnly undertake and swear to observe and respect the previous of

21 
the Ahmadu Bello University Law and Statutes, Ordinances and 
Regulations lawfully made there under, which are now in force and 
which shall from time to time be brought into force” 
 
All new students are expected to have signed the Matriculation Oath 
during the registration process. 
 
2.4.3    Curriculum 
The curriculum of the Certificate, Diploma, UG and PG programmes

to be delivered by distanc e learning shall be as approved for the on 
campus delivered programmes and in conformity with the NUC 
BMAS. Elective Courses indicated by the demand of distance 
learning have also been developed. 
 
The delivery method shall however be ICT Supported Blended Mode. 
It shall be a mixture of provision of hard and electronic copies of 
Course materials, face -to-face interaction as well as an online 
interactive component.

interactive component. 
 
In conformity with the pedagogy for Distance Learning, the Modular 
method of organizing Course materials shall be employed. 
 
2.4.4 ABU Model of Distance Learning Delivery 
The ABU model of delivery envisages that a Blended delivery 
protocol shall be utilized. This would include: 
i. Provision of hard and electronic copies of all course 
materials for the   corresponding session. 
ii. Weekly uploads of relevant Discussion questions as well as the

provision of an interactive platform for other students to review 
and critique, write-ups shall be provided. 
iii. An optional 2 week on campus revision session and conduct of 
lecture sessions necessitating face -face delivery shall be 
provided for.

22 
iv. Project defences and examinations shall he held on campus or 
Resource Centres under the supervision of the DLC staffs. 
 
2.4.5 Learners Support 
A robust mechanism for information, advice and guidance to students 
has been put in place in conformity with ODL practice. These 
include: 
i. Provision of print (optional) and electronic versions of 
Course Materials

Course Materials 
ii. Development of a ‘Distance Learning Students’ Handbook’ – 
Print & Electronic 
iii. Development of a programme specific handbook. 
iv. Assigning dedicated GSM Help lines and a telephone call 
centre. 
v. Dedicated E-mails (DLC) 
vi. Blog site (DLC)/Interactive website 
vii. Access to on and offline e-libraries 
viii. Activation of Resource Centres (Liaison Offices) 
ix. Allocation of Academic advisers to Resource Centres

x. Appointment of programme specific Desk Officer/Program 
Coordinator for each programme deployed.

23 
2.4.6 Liaison Offices (Resource Centres) 
A DL Liaison Office is a facility dedicated for the support of DL 
students as well as creation of an environment to permit student -
student, student -staff and student -resource person interactions, 
provision of offline e -learning resources as well as reserve for all 
course materials. Each Liaison Office would also be  equipped with

video conferencing, library and a common room. 
 
The Liaison Offices shall be administered by an Administrative staff 
of the ABU DLC and shall host the proposed annual/semester 
meetings between the relevant Academic Adviser and his/her DL 
students. An MOU shall be in place with an adjacent CBT Centre to 
facilitate conduct of semester examinations at the various centres. 
 
The geographic distribution of enrollees in the DL programme shall

determine the sequence of activation of the Liaison Offic es. It is 
however proposed that there shall be a Liaison Office in each of the 6 
geopolitical zones in the country. In event of an encouraging 
international participation, Liaison Offices have also been proposed in 
the UK, USA, Middle East, Far East and South/East Africa.    
 
2.4.7 ICT Infrastructure 
 
i. E- library 
ii. Video-Conferencing Centre 
iii. Online Platform/Software (Moodle) 
 
2.5 STUDYING AS A DISTANCE LEARNER

2.5 STUDYING AS A DISTANCE LEARNER 
 
Distance learning is designed to offer educational programmes to you 
in anticipation of your inabilit y to partake in the corresponding on 
campus study. Often, you will be studying on your own and in your 
own spare time. You will be working through specially prepared 
materials on your own. This is at variance to the on campus situation 
where you would be expected to comply with a lecture time table.

24 
Studying suggests learning and so to learn there must be 
concentration and diligence. It is not the mere act of sitting down with 
a book or other reading written material. It is pertinent to develop 
those study skills that would assist you in studying independently.  
 
A. Study Skills 
i. Listening Skills 
Listening is an important component of learning. Many of the things

that are taught are things you listened to. Some of these are: 
1. Listening to the lecturers speaking 
2. Listening to audios of the course materials 
3. Listening to video tapes/U-tube sites 
4. Listening to CD-ROM 
5. Listening to films, radios, TV, etc. 
 
Thus, in your study, you need to listen to things that will make you 
learn. You need concentration while listening. You need to follow the 
speaker or the medium of transmission of message, while listening.

Just as you listen to learn, so also you should learn to listen. 
 
ii. Reading 
One of the most important skills of studying skills is reading. Reading 
occupies a central place in studying. This is because most of the 
information we need is stored in books. Thus, to be able to retrieve 
information that will be learnt, you have to acquire efficient reading 
ability. 
 
Reading skills involve mainly readi ng to learn. As you must have

noticed in your attempt to list reading components, to be able to read 
to learn: 
 
1. You must be in control of the material you are reading; 
2. You must be able to understand and comprehend the material;

25 
3. You must be able to  read with the speed required to complete the 
volume of things you have to learn; 
4. You must be able to read between the lines and beyond the lines; 
5. You must be able to apply what you are reading to relevant 
learning situations; 
6. You must be able to read and create new ideas from what you are 
reading. 
Reading is an important study skill and component of learning. If you

read efficiently, you will learn. Without reading, you cannot learn 
many things. In studying therefore; 
i. You must read very well; 
ii. You must read with concentration; 
iii. You must read where there are less distractions; 
iv. You must read and ensure you are learning; and 
v. you must read and be able to recall what you are learning. 
 
iii. Writing 
If you read and you are unable to put what you read down for the 
people to know that you have read, then no reading is done. Reading

and writing are thus interrelated skills. Writing involves the ability to 
put things down in a clear, precise, coherent and effective manner. 
You must learn to w rite well, especially during examinations. Of 
course, you learn to write well by imitating good writers. And you 
can only come in contact with good writers by reading widely. 
 
iv. Note taking 
You should be capable of taking notes whenever you are reading. In 
fact, the more you shorten what you are reading, the more you can get

them into your brain. Note taking and making help to shorten a large 
volume of what you are reading. Therefore, you need the skill of note 
taking and note making. 
When studying, 
1. Put notes down; 
2. Use abbreviations to shorten notes; 
3. be consistent in note taking;

26 
4. Let your notes be neat; 
More than all these, read your notes constantly and revise them. 
 
B. How to Study 
i. Be in the Right Frame of Mind 
Before you study, you should  be in the right frame of mind. You 
should be calm. Nothing should be worrying you. Psychologically, 
you should not be under tension, you must be emotionally stable, free 
from shock of any kind and be highly motivated to study. Socially,

you should clear all the social problems of the home, children (if any) 
or parental care that may stand against proper concentration. Studying 
demands concentration and you must give this. 
 
ii. Have the Right Environment 
The environment where study takes place must be condu cive. It 
should be clean, inviting, well-organised, pleasant and noiseless. 
 
iii. Have the Right Equipment 
You need certain pieces of equipment for study. Without the right

equipment, study will be difficult. The right equipment will make 
study more appropriate and effective such as: 
1. Pen 
2. Pencil 
3. Paper/note book/file jacket 
4. Dictionary 
5. Relevant textbooks 
6. Tape recorder/cassette 
7. Ruler 
8. Calculator 
9. Computer equipment (if you can afford one) 
10. Table and desk 
11. Book shelf 
Some people find it easy to file notes in a folder. If disorganised, files 
can pose a big problem while you are studying because notes may not

27 
be in proper order; some notes may be missing or misplaced. If you 
know you cannot keep files, why don't you simply buy a notebook? 
 
All courses are accompanied with Course Guides (i – viii in your 
course material) which state all that you need to know about the 
course such as: 
1. Course information 
2. Introduction to the course 
3. Course aims and objectives 
4. Activities involved in the course

4. Activities involved in the course 
5. Assessment modality 
6. Suggested time required for study 
7. Course structure 
 
What to do while Studying 
1. Read and understand what you are to study. 
2. Form useful notes. 
3. Underline important points. 
4. Do some practice activities, tas ks or exercises to ensure that 
learning is taking place. 
5. Assess yourself periodically by doing what you are learning to do. 
6. Relax in between study periods to refresh your brain: this you can

do by walking around, chatting a bit, taking a tea break, etc. 
7. Always be active when studying; do many things-writing, listening, 
reading, speaking to yourself, listing, drawing, labelling, etc; 
activities keep you awake. 
8. Know what you have learnt and what you have not learnt: do not 
keep on reading what you have learnt as if you have not learnt it.

28 
C. Preparing For Examinations  
One of the most important reasons why we study is to pass 
examinations. Examinations cannot be tackled successfully without 
active study activities.  
 
i. Start early 
To pass examin ations you have to start studying very early. In fact 
your first day of lecture should be your first day of preparing for 
examinations. You should read for the lectures before the lecture and

read after the lecture. Put down major points in your jotter in 
preparation for revision later. 
 
ii. Work hard 
Nothing is achieved without hard work. Do not play with your time. 
Work consistently hard. Many students pile up their work till the last 
minute. This is not the best way to prepare for examinations. 
 
iii. Read widely 
Do not just depend on what is in your study pack. Read widely. Read 
some of the textbooks recommended for you. Listen to the audio

recordings and video-recordings of the lecturers prepared for you. 
 
iv. Reduce what to study 
You cannot read and und erstand all that will be given in notes, hand -
outs or textbooks. You need to learn the skills of note taking and note 
making. The more you sumrnarise and reduce what to learn the better 
your focus and understanding of the materials to learn for 
examinations. 
 
v. Revise 
Revise for all examinations before the exam. Examination time is not

the time to read new things or attempt to learn new things. 
Examination time is the time to revise and put back to memory what 
you have learnt before.

29 
vi. Be familiar with the exam pattern 
You need to be familiar with the format, the demands and the content 
of the examination you are preparing for. Get in touch with past 
question papers. Look for questions that are always set, the one that 
are rarely set and the ones that ar e not set at all. Study in order of 
importance of the topics. 
 
vii. Be organised

vii. Be organised 
Plan your work. Be fully organised during examinations. Be calm. 
Work according to your plan of study. 
 
D. Revision 
This unit treats a very important aspect of preparing for examinations. 
This is revising for examinations. Here you will go through specific 
practice exercises that will train you in the art of revising for 
examinations. Remember, nobody can train you enough on how to

revise. You have to train yourself. The more t raining you have, the 
better. 
 
You cannot revise for any examination unless you have what to 
revise. Many students do not know the difference between reading for 
exams and revising for exams. To read for examinations means to 
read your notes, study guides,  units, textbooks, relevant journals, etc. 
In reading for examinations, you come in contact with the facts 
newly. You are learning the facts for the first time. As you read, you

also study the points. In fact, you read by jotting down points in a 
note form. There are many activities you can do when reading your 
lecture notes for the first or second time. Below are some of them: 
1. You have to skim -read the lecture notes or the textbook to 
determine what is relevant to be read. 
2. You may underline (if the r eading materials are yours) important 
points as you read. By underlining the important points you are

actively participating in the reading process. If you just read and do 
not perform certain activities as you read, you may fall asleep or be 
tired quickly. You must be active as you read.

30 
3. You must stay active and alert throughout the study/reading time. 
You should not let any important point or word drift past you. Look 
out for the most important points and underline them. 
4. You may form notes as you go  along. To form notes as taught 
under the Use of English and Communication Skills, you must have 
headings and sub - headings, be consistent in your numbering, put

only points down, use abbreviations where necessary, use colouring, 
underlining, etc where needed. The notes should always take the form 
of a summary. 
 
E. Studying Essay-Type Examination 
This is one of the most important types of examination. Essays 
usually contain many questions. You may be asked to choose from 
the questions or may not be given an y option. In an essay question, 
you are required to provide facts about the question. Depending on

the type of essay, you may be asked to provide your own opinions. 
Different types of essay questions demand different kinds of answer.  
 
Some of the essays may require you to: 
1 Narrate give the events as they happen 
2 Describe show the parts of the object or issue 
3 Enumerate list 
4 Outline present the points in a simple sentence or phrase form 
5 Distinguish make distinctions 
6 Compare show similarities 
7 Contrast show differences

7 Contrast show differences 
8 Discuss fully expatiate bringing all views and your own 
9 Prove provide logical evidence 
10 Apply take the situation to another situation 
11 Create build something new 
12 Imagine present the feeling that is unreal, real 
13 Design construct or re-construct 
14 Innovate bring new ideas 
15 Draw inferences use the situation to bring out another view 
16 State present as it is

31 
17 Define give the meaning 
18 Elucidate expatiate further 
19 Explain make it vivid and clear 
 
Dos and Don'ts of Essay Writing during Examinations 
With the outline ready, you are now confident enough to start writing 
the examination. Do not waste time on outlining during examination. 
Remember, it is the essay that will be marked not the outline. 
 
Dos 
1. Go straight to your point.

Dos 
1. Go straight to your point. 
2. Give the point and support it with proofs. 
3. Link one point with the other, using linking words like: First, 
second, third, most important, less important, on the one hand, on the 
other hand, etc. 
4. Be conscious of time and divide your time well as you treat each 
point. 
5. Start with a captivating introduction, go to the first, second, third, 
etc. point and draw a very useful, captivating and well-focused 
conclusion.

conclusion. 
6. Mind your language: be brief, clear and direct. 
 
Don'ts 
1. Do not write irrelevancies. 
2. Beware of repetitions. 
3. Do not waste time on one point thus having no time for the other 
points. 
4. Do not go astray. 
5. Don't be disorganised. 
 
Before Submission 
If you plan your time very well in an essay examination, you will 
have enough time to go over your work. But in most cases, you are so 
occupied during the examination that you do not have time to read

32 
F. Studying For Multiple-Choice Examinations 
You should study for examinations based on the demands of such 
examinations. Multiple-choice and short-answer types of examination 
are no exception. 
 
Multiple-choice examination is that which requires you to choose 
from alternatives or options, the correct answer to the question. This 
kind of examination is often referre d to as discrete examination

because it usually tests one concept at a time.  
 
How to Study for Multiple-choice Examination 
In studying for multiple -choice examination, you need to know the 
major points of what you are to study. In most of our textbooks, t he 
major point or the main technical term or word is italicised or 
produced in bold print. For example, in the passage under discussion, 
some words may be made bold, italicised or underlined to show that 
they are important.

they are important. 
 
During a Multiple-choice Examination 
1. Be careful: Read the questions carefully. Sometimes the words 
like not, only, but, through, off', etc may make a big difference. You 
may miss the answer if your attention is not drawn to these words. 
 
2. Eliminate obviously wrong answers: Some answers are obviously 
wrong. Eliminate these first. Then think more deeply on the options 
(or detractors) that are very close.

(or detractors) that are very close. 
 
3. Follow the instructions: Sometimes you may require shading, 
ticking (P), or underlining the correct answer; if you do not do wha t 
you are asked to do, your paper may be disqualified.

33 
G. The Examination Day 
The examination day is perhaps the most important day. You need to 
be well composed, confident and determined to succeed. Here are 
some suggestions you may wish to consider on the examination day. 
1. Read and fully understand the examination regulations 
2. ii.. Be sure of the time and venue of the examination (useful to 
reconfirm a day before the  examination).

reconfirm a day before the  examination). 
3. Revise the facts quickly some hours to the examination. 
4. Read the examination questions very well. Follow all instructions 
including the number of questions to answer. 
5. Divide your time very well. Do not spend time on one or two 
questions at the expense of other questions. 
6. Read over your work before submission. 
7. Be sure you write the particulars of yourself as demanded by the 
examination regulations. Write

examination regulations. Write   
8. this first. You may forget to do so later on. 
9. Answer the question in a clear, correct and well-structured 
language. Be well organised in your   
10. presentation. 
11. Neatness, legible handwriting and well-collated examination 
papers are necessary and should be done. 
 
2.6 WAIVER AND DEFERMENT GUIDELINES 
Application Procedure: 
Waiver     
1. Application for waiver should be addressed to the Director

DLC via the ABU support mail ( support@abudlc.edu.ng)  
This should state justifications for request, relevant subject 
for waiver and earlier courses offered. 
2. Payment of waiver fee of N20,000 ($60)/course requested for 
waiver and attachment of proof of payment (scanned 
slip)/payment details for electronic transfers. If course 
registration has been done, no additional fee is paid.

34 
3. Processing and transmission of transcript by e -mail and later 
the original hard copy. 
4. Consideration of application and t ransmission of response to 
applicant. 
          *In event of securing waivers, registration of higher level 
courses only permissible in October Semester. Alongside 
other Courses, maximum permissible load is 24CU while 
minimum is 09CU. 
 
Deferment:

Deferment: 
A. Course deferment: could be made at any time in the 
semester. 
1. The portal for the deferment application is  abudlc-
edu.ng   
2. If registration for course has not been made, payment 
of N20,000 ($60)/ course for deferment and 
transmission of proof of payment(scann ed slip)/ 
payment details for electronic transfers. 
3.  Consideration of application and transmission of 
response to applicant. 
B. Examination deferment: application must be made at least 2

weeks before commencement of the semester examination. 
1. Ditto A 
2. Ditto A but N20,000($60)/course is paid. 
3. Ditto A 
C. Semester or Session deferment :  could be made only after 
registration for the semester / session . 
 1. Ditto 
 2. Ditto: N20,000 ($60) deferment of semester and 
N40,000 ($120) deferment of entire session  
 3. Ditto

35 
D. Examination Rectification  
1. Application of rectification within 2weeks of release of result 
stating justification. 
2. Attach evidence of payment (scanned slip) of N20,000 
($60)/course/ payment details for electronic transfers. 
3. Response to request shall be made within 7 days of closing 
acceptance of applications. 
   * Payments for waivers/deferments/transcript/statement

of result/examination rectification to be in Account: 
AcctName: ABU Microfinance Bank, Acct  No.: 
1016508300, Bank: Zenith Bank. 
 
At ABU Distance Learning Centre you are assured of: 
1. Flexibility in fee payment (Full or in Instalments); admission; 
registration & examination (period & venues); duration of 
study; learning platforms (Hard copies/book; Electronic 
copies, lec ture videos and Audio versions) & programme 
transfer (on-campus to Distance learning):

transfer (on-campus to Distance learning): 
-   Fees are paid on a per subject basis, your purse and available study 
time are determinants to number of courses registered. 
-   You are at liberty to join us in the 1 st, 2nd or 3 rd semester –
whichever is more convenient for you. 
-   Admission & Registration processes are online, you may however 
be required to present your credentials at the nearest Liaison 
Office for screening, foreign students are to scan and forward their

credentials for remote screening but originals must be sighted at 
the nearest Nigerian Embassy. 
-   ABU DLC Semester examinations are held in Zaria, Abuja, Lagos 
Sokoto, Gombe, Port Harcourt, Kano, Kaduna, Bauchi, Makurdi, 
Birnin Kebbi, Minna, UK (London), and UAE (Dubai). 
Maiduguri, Yola, US (New York) and KSA (Jeddah) soon to be 
activated. You are thus at liberty to select your examination venue.

36 
- Students are also grouped (for examinations) into weekday and 
weekend groups, you are also at liberty to choose  which is more 
convenient for you. 
-   You are at liberty to extend your study period (twice the advertised 
duration) or fast track it by participating in the 3rd Semesters. 
-   You are given 4 study options to choose the preferred study mode

you are most inclined to (hard copies, e-copies, Audio and videos). 
-   On campus students facing challenges with keeping up on campus 
are at liberty to transfer their studies to the Distance Learning 
option. 
 
2. Same curriculum and certificate as on campus students @ 
completion of studies: 
-   Your admission, study and graduation requirements are similar to 
the corresponding on campus programme. 
-   On graduation, you shall be issued the same certificate as on

campus students, signed by the Vice Chancellor and Registrar of 
the University. 
 
3. Work and learn with no need to commute or relocate: 
-   Relocating to or frequently commuting to and from Zaria is not 
required, you may however be a frequent visitor (if it’s convenient 
for you). 
-   You can thus maintain your job/business while earning a degree. 
-   You have a ‘head start’ over your mates since you can commence 
business/vocation while still in school and you are also not

expected to participate in the NYSC programme. 
 
4. Stable Academic calendar; Secure and stable online activities 
via remote Server - 24/7:  
-   ABU DLC staff are independent of the University hence there are 
NO STRIKES and you are guaranteed of timely graduation.

37 
- Our externally hosted server guarantees stable and seamless 
online presence, you can thus access our website, por tal and other 
online resources 24/7. 
5. Electronic delivery/”classroom” using any computer device 
(tablet/i-pad, smart phone, laptop or desktop) to improve 
interaction and IT competency: 
-   Our courseware (e-text, audio and videos) are adaptable for use on

desktops, laptops, notebooks, tablets and smartphones. 
-   Our courseware shall be available online (Learning Management 
System) and offline (drives). 
 
6. Robust learning support: Telephone helplines, e -mail, Skype, 
Webinar/Video conferencing & e-library services: 
-   Telephone and e mail helplines are available to you 24/7. 
-   Telephone and e mail access to Academic Advisers, IT attaches, 
Guidance and Counselling staff as well as your e -tutors shall be 
made available to you.

made available to you. 
-   Well stocked online e -library services a re available for your use 
while offline e -libraries are available in Zaria and our liaison 
offices in Abuja, Lagos, Port Harcourt, Kano, Kaduna and Sokoto. 
-   Skype/videoconferencing facilitation of seminar and project 
defences ensure you are not left out o f similar on campus 
activities. 
 
7. A two week per semester optional on campus tutorial session 
or alternative participation by Webinar is available:

-   Although on campus optional tutorials shall be held at the end of 
each semester, to ensure your participati on, all sessions shall be 
streamed life to ensure remote participation, you can forward your 
questions and listen to your tutors address them in real time 
wherever you are, you can also view at your convenience since all 
sessions are recorded and available on our Facebook page..

38 
8. Developing the Business Skill in you – “Business Skill 
Acquisition” : 
- This compulsory elective course is to develop or improve 
your capacity to be successful upon graduation, it comprises of a 
taught component, apprenticeship and a reading component. 
9. Developing the Leader in you – “Motivational Leadership” : 
-   This compulsory elective course is to develop or improve your

leadership capacity is available to all PG students, it comprises of 
a taught component and a reading component. 
 
10. Chance to interact with your Vice Chancellor and other 
Principal University and Distance Learning Centre Officers;  
world-class tutors by webinar/video conferencing as well as 
Learning from diverse and experienced internationally 
acclaimed tutors/lecturers: 
-   Whereas you shall be having frequent online interactions with the

DLC Management, an occasional interaction with key 
management staff of the university would be arranged. 
-   Guest tutors/speakers shall be occasionally invited to interact with 
you online. 
 
11. Extending support to your doorstep by a system of Resource 
Centres/Liaison Offices: 
-   To enhance the quality of support for our learners, Liaison offices 
have been established in Abuja, Lagos, Port Harcourt, Sokoto, 
Gombe, Minna, Kano and Kaduna (others coming up soon).

-   Most services can be rendered to you at these Centres. 
-   A provision for you to study or meet with fellow students shall 
also be made at these Centres.

39 
12. Our programmes can be undertaken concurrently with other 
University Certificate, Diploma, UG or PG programmes: 
-   Universally, distance learners can participate in other on campus 
programmes independent of their status in DLC, this provision is 
also available to you. 
-  
= For this Lifetime Learning Experience or to learn more about 
us, visit  
www.abudlc.edu.ng OR register.abudlc.edu.ng

www.abudlc.edu.ng OR register.abudlc.edu.ng  
 
“With us, Learning is a Pleasure, not an ordeal”

40 
 
PART III 
B.Sc. Computer Science

41 
3.0   OVERVIEW 
The Distance Learning Centre (DLC) has established academic 
requirements that apply t o all students working towards a first 
degree in Computer Science that are consistent with the 
standards set by the National University Commission (NUC). 
These requirements reflect the Centre’s commitment to a broad -
based quality education. The main compon ents of the Distance

Learning BSc. Computer Science  programme are: 
(a) Core Curricular; in which students concentrate their studies 
and receive degrees. 
(b) Electives; which permit students to take courses of their 
own choice in consultation with their academic advisors. 
(c) General Studies; which acquaint students with the 
foundation of general education in science, social sciences 
and humanities, as well as inculcating in the undergraduate 
students the essence of nationalism and morality.

(d) Internship; which permits s tudents to go on a 6  month 
industrial training to learn on the job applications of the 
field in an organization of their preferred area of 
specialization. 
The BSc. Computer Science  programme runs for a three year 
and a four year period leading to the award  of the Bachelor of 
Science Degree in Computer Science. The three year program 
lasts for a minimum of six semesters and a maximum of ten

semesters, and admits direct entry candidates to the 200 level. 
Candidates admitted into the four year program start fr om the 
100 level. The program lasts for a minimum of eight semesters 
and a maximum of twelve semesters.

42 
3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME 
It is expected that, at the end of the undergraduate programme 
in the Distance Learning Centre students would have acquired: 
 
The necessary skill -set to function in today’s fast -growing 
technological world, as computers have become indispensable 
in almost all activities  - irrespective of gender, race, location 
and in flexible manner . They offer a wide range of functions

and services. Few of such areas where Computer Science is 
applicable include the following: 
 Education 
 Medicine 
 Business 
 Banking 
 Government 
 Defense 
 Communication 
 
The electives at 100 and 200 levels are designed to enable 
students acquire a liberal education a nd to broaden the 
intellectual base of the student. The general studies acquaint 
students with the foundation of general education in the 
sciences, social sciences and humanities as well as inculcating

in the undergraduate students the essence of nationali sm and 
morality. 
3.3 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS 
 
General Entry Requirements 
The Department admits students into 100 level as well as 200 
level for the B.Sc (Hons.) Computer Science based on their

43 
qualifications. In rare cases they may be admitted into upper 
levels. 
I. For 100 level: Candidates must satisfy the general University 
and Faculty of Science requirements of five O’Level credits 
which must include: Mathematics, English, Physics and any 
other two relevant science subjects at Senior Secondary School 
Certificate level or examination in at most two sittings.

II. For 200 level: Candidates must in addition to (I) above have 
an Advanced level (A ‘Level) or its equivalence in Computer 
Science and any other science subject. 
 
3.4 REGISTRATION 
Registration of stud ents who are offered provisional admission 
into the DLC is conducted in a central location and lasts for two 
to three weeks. At the venue of the registration exercise, the 
registration officer will check and ensure that an applicant’s

name is on the admiss ion list before asking the candidate to 
show his/her original copies of the following documents: 
(a) Academic certificates (SSCE O/Level, A/level, UME 
scores, etc.) to confirm that the student fulfils the admission 
requirements. 
(b) Local Government Area of origin declaration 
(c) Valid travelling documents and Residence permit (if a 
foreign student) 
(d) Birth Certificate or Sworn Declaration of Age

If they have ascertained that the credentials are satisfactory, the 
registration officer will issue registration forms and fil es to the 
new student. Certain of forms having been completed by the

44 
student, the student will be given a registration number which 
together with the students profile will be forwarded to the 
Management Information Unit of the Centre for uploading unto 
the Student’s Management System as well as the Centre’s 
database. Once the uploading has been done successfully, the 
new student will proceed to the payment of registration fees and

the online course registration. The student can also proceed to 
request for h is/her identification card using the online payment 
receipt obtained from the bank into which the registration fees 
were paid. 
 
3.5 MATRICULATION 
All students admitted into the Distance Learning Centre for the 
first time (100 or 200 level) are required to  matriculate just as 
their on campus counterparts. The students matriculate at a 
formal ceremony presided over by the Vice -Chancellor and the

Director of the Distance Learning Centre. The Director shall 
clearly spell out the core values, in terms of the mi ssion and 
vision of the DLC to the students. 
 
3.6 COMPLAINTS AND COUNSELLING 
The complaints and counselling committee shall assist students 
with both academic and personal matters where possible. The 
guidance and counselling unit assist students with issu es 
relating to registration, examination, general academic issues 
and personal matters as well.

45 
3.7 COURSE STRUCTURE AND REQUIREMENTS 
FOR GRADUATION 
i. Course Structure 
The undergraduate program has five main elements 
(a) Core courses; 
(b) Project-six credit units in final year; 
(c) Electives from within the program and other programs from 
the unit 
(d) General courses. 
(e) Foundational courses 
 
Table 1 below shows the core courses, electives and the 
minimum and maximum credit requirements for promotion at

each level and graduation. 
TABLE 1: Course Structure (Core Courses, Electives and 
Requirements for promotion and graduation) 
Structure and Duration 
The duration of B.Sc. (Hons.) Computer Science programme is 
four years. There are two semesters of formal University 
Studies in ea ch academic session. At 300 Level, a student is 
expected to go for at least 6 months Students Industrial Work 
Experience Scheme (SIWES) after completion of the first

semester courses, at the end of which he/she has to write, 
present and defend a report on what he/she learnt in the 
industry. At 400 Level, each student undertakes a one year 
project in any field of interest besides the usual prescribed 
courses. A report on the project is also to be presented and 
defended.

46 
Summary: B.Sc. Computer Science 
  
100 
Level 
200 
Level 
300 
Level 
400 
Level TOTAL 
Core Courses 
(Departmental) 22 27 20 31 100 
Cognate Courses 
(GENS) 3 2 2 0 7 
Restricted Electives 2 3 6 6 17 
Unrestricted Electives 8 9 2 6 25 
TOTAL 35 41 30 43 149 
 
The above summary table shows that for a student to graduate 
he/she needs to register a total of at least 149 credit units of 
which 100 credits must be core.

which 100 credits must be core. 
 
The following gives a detailed breakdown of the courses in the 
curriculum on a semester-by-semester basis. 
 
100 LEVEL – A MINIMUM OF 35 CREDIT UNITS. 
 Core courses (Departmental)  : 22 
 Core courses (General Studies)   : 03  
 Restricted Elective    : 02  
 Unrestricted Electives   : 08 
 Total     : 35 
 Core Courses (Departmental) 
1ST Semester 
Code Course Title Credit 
Units 
Prerequisite 
MATH101 Sets and Number System 2 O/L Maths

MATH101 Sets and Number System 2 O/L Maths 
MATH103 Trigonometry and Co -
ordinate Geometry 
2 “ 
MATH105 Differential and Integral 
Calculus 
2 “ 
COSC101 Introduction to Computing 2 “ 
PHYS111 Mechanics 2 O/L Physics 
PHYS131 Heat and properties of matter 2 “ 
2ND Semester

47 
Units 
MATH102 Algebra 2 O/L Maths. 
MATH104 Conic Sections and 
Application of Calculus 
2 “ 
MATH106 Vectors and Dynamics 2 “ 
STAT102 Introductory Statistics  2 “ 
PHYS124 Geometric and Wave Optics 1 “ 
 
Restricted Elective 
PHYS122 Electricity, Magnetism and 
Modern Physics 
2 O/L 
Physics. 
GEOG106 Introduction to Environmental 
Science 
2

Science 
2  
    
Cognate Courses (General Studies) 
Units 
GENS101 Nationalism 1  
GENS103 English and  
Communication Skills 
2  
GENS104 History and Philosophy 
of Science 
2  
GENS102 Environmental Health 2  
 
Electives at 100 Level 
1st/2nd Semester 
A minimum of eight (8) -credit units chosen from the following 
subject areas:  Biology, Chemistry, STAT101, GEN S102 and 
GENS104 
 
200   Level – A Minimum of 41 Credit Units

200   Level – A Minimum of 41 Credit Units 
 Core courses (Departmental)  : 27 
 Core courses (General Studies)  : 02 
 Restricted Electives    : 03  
 Unrestricted Electives   : 09 
 Total     : 41 
Core Courses (Departmental) 
1st Semester

48 
Units 
MATH201 Mathematical Methods I 3 MATH105 or 
equiv. 
MATH207 Linear Algebra I 3 MATH102 or 
equiv.  
COSC211 Object-Oriented 
Programming I 
3 COSC101 or 
equiv. 
COSC203 Discrete Structures 3 MATH101 or 
equiv. 
COSC205 Digital Logic Design 3 COSC101 or 
equiv. 
2nd Semester 
Units 
COSC212 Object-Oriented 
Programming II 
3 COSC101

3 COSC101 
or equiv. 
COSC204 Computer Organization and 
Assembly Language 
3 COSC101 
or equiv. 
STAT202 Continuous Probabil ity 
Distributions and 
Distribution Techniques 
3 STAT101 or 
equiv. 
COSC208 Introduction to Artificial 
Intelligence 
3 COSC101 
 
Cognate Course (General Studies) 
GENS202 Entrepreneurship and 
Innovation 
2  
 
 Restricted Departmental Electives 
MATH209 Numerical Analysis I 3 MATH104 or 
equiv.  
STAT204 Biometry I 3 STAT101 or 
equiv.

equiv.  
equiv. 
STAT201 Discrete Probability 
Distributions 
equiv.

49 
Unrestricted Electives 
COSC206 Human Computer 
Interaction 
2 COSC101 or 
equiv. 
MATH208 Linear Algebra II 3 MATH102 or 
equiv. 
 
A minimum of nine (9) credit units chosen from any of the following 
subject areas: Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics and 
Physics.  
 
300 Level – A Minimum of 30 Credit Units 
 Core courses (Departmental)  : 20 
 Core courses (General Studies)  : 02

 Restricted Electives (Departmental)  : 06 
 Unrestricted Electives (minimum)  : 02 
 Total     : 30 
 
1st Semester 
Units 
COSC301 Data Structures and 
Algorithm 
3 COSC211 
COSC303 Computer 
Architecture 
3  COSC205 
COSC305 Systems Analysis and 
Design 
2 COSC101 
COSC309 Database 
Management systems 
3 COSC203 
COSC311 Organization of 
Programming 
Languages 
3 COSC211 
 
2nd   Semester

Languages 
3 COSC211 
 
2nd   Semester 
COSC300 SIWES 6  
 
GENS302 Business Creat ion and 
Growth 
2

50 
Restricted Electives  
COSC307 Web Application 
Engineering I 
3 COSC101 
MATH311 Mathematical Modeling 3 MATH201 
Unrestricted Electives  
A minimum of two (2) credit units chosen from any of the 
following: 
 
Any relevant 300 level course i n the Faculty of Science, 
Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of 
Economics, and Department of Business Administration. 
 
400 LEVEL – A MINIMUM OF 43 CREDIT UNITS

400 LEVEL – A MINIMUM OF 43 CREDIT UNITS 
 Core courses (Departmental)  : 31 
 Restricted Electives   : 06 
 Unrestricted Electives (minimum)  : 06 
 Total     : 43 
 
Units 
COSC400 Project 3 COSC300 
COSC401 Algorithms and Complexity 
Analysis 
3 COSC301 
COSC403 Software Engineering 3 COSC305 
COSC405 Web Application 
Engineering II 
2 COSC307 
COSC407 Data Communications and 
Networks 
3 COSC205

51 
Units 
COSC402 Formal Methods and 
Software Development 
3 MATH201 
COSC404 Network Design and 
Management 
3 COSC307 
COSC406 Advanced Database Systems 2 COSC309 
COSC408 Compiler Construction 3 COSC311 
 
Restricted Electives 
COSC409 Professional and Social 
Aspects of Computing 
3 COSC206 
COSC416 Simulation Methodology 3 STAT202

COSC416 Simulation Methodology 3 STAT202 
 
A minimum of 6 credit units, chosen from any of the following 
400 level subject areas: Computer Science 
(COSC415,COSC413,COSC414,COSC412), Electrical 
Engineering, Physics, Electronics, Economics, Business 
Administration, Ma thematics, Statistics or other relevant 
sciences depending upon the availability of facilities and 
resources.  
 
Undergraduate Syllabus for B.Sc. (Hons.) Computer 
Science

Science 
100-Level First Semester Courses 
COSC 101: Introduction to Computing 
Prerequisite: O/Level Mathematics 
Introduction to computer systems. Components of computer 
systems and their functions. Windows operating systems and its 
utilities.  Hands-on exposure to Office application software (MS

52 
Office or Open Office): Word processing, spreadsheets,  
presentation graphics and databases. Introduction to and use of 
Internet tools and technologies. 
 
Suggested Lab work  
Lecturers should develop laboratory exercises and assignments 
targeted at providing hands-on practical experience on all topics 
in the sy llabus.  The exercises should cover the typical tasks

that students do with computers throughout their studies. 
 
Textbooks 
1. S.B. Junaidu, A.F. Donfack -kana and A. Salisu, 
Fundamentals of information technology ABU press (2013) 
2. J.J. Parsons and D. Oja, Practical Computer Literacy , 
Thompson Learning, 2005 
3. Curt Simmons, How to Do Everything with Windows XP ,  
2nd Edition McGraw -Hill/Osborne, 2003, ISBN 0 -07-
223080-0 
4. Peter Norton’s, Introduction to Computers ,  5 th Edition 
McGraw-Hill/Glencoe, 2003, ISBN 0-07-826421-9

McGraw-Hill/Glencoe, 2003, ISBN 0-07-826421-9 
 
MATH 101: Sets and Number System (2 Credit Units) 
Prerequisite – O/Level Mathematics 
Sets: Definition of a set, finite and infinite sets, equality of sets, 
subsets, union, intersection, universal set, complements, empty 
set, Venn diagram.  Symmetric difference, power sets and De -
Morgan theorems.  Inclusion -Exclusion principle. Elements of 
relations and functions. 
 
Some Properties of number systems:  Natural numbers, integers,

rationals, irrationals and reals.  Order relations in the set of real 
numbers.  Open and closed intervals on the number line.

53 
 
Complex Numbers:  Definition of a complex number, addition, 
multiplication and division.  Geometric interpretation modulus 
and conjugation.  Polar representation, De - Moivre’s theorem, 
nth roots of a complex number, nth roots of unity. 
 
Text books 
1. Mathematics for Fresh Undergraduates Vol. I, D. Singh, A. 
Mohammed, A.M. Ibrahim and I.A. Fulatan ABU press 
(2013)

(2013) 
2. Set Theory and Related Topics, S. Lipschutz, (Schaum’s 
Outline Series), McGraw-Hill (1964). 
 
MATH 103: Trigonometry and Coordinate Geometry (2 
Credit Units) 
Circular Measures: Trigonometric ratios of angles of any 
magnitude, inverse trigonometric functions. 
 
Addition formulae:  Sin (A+B), cos  (A+B), tan (A+B) and their 
proofs.  Multiple and half angles, solutions of simple 
trigonometric equations. Factor formulae. Solution of triangles,

heights and distances (including three-dimensional problems) 
 
Plane Polar Coordinates:  Relation between polar and Cartesian 
coordinates, plotting and sketching of simple curves whose 
polar equations are known. 
 
Coordinate Geometry of lines and Circles:  Pair of straight lines 
and system of circles. (Emphasis on concepts rather than 
formulae).

54 
Text books 
1. Mathematics for Fresh Undergra duates Vol. II, B.K. Jha, 
A.O. Ajibade, M.I. Yakubu and A.T. Imam, ABU press 
(2013) 
2. Pure Mathematics Books I & II, J.K. Backhouse et al , 
Longman (1980)  
3. Calculus and Analytical Geometry, G.B. Thomas and 
R.L.Finney, Addison- Wesley, (1979).  
4. Theory an d Problems of Trigonometry, Frank Ayres, 
(Schaum’s Outline Series). (1954).

(Schaum’s Outline Series). (1954). 
 
MATH 105: Differential and Integral Calculus (2 Credit 
Units) 
Prerequisite – O/Level Mathematics. 
Functions of a real variable:  Odd, even, periodic functions and 
their symmetries , graphs, limits and continuity (Intuitive 
treatment only) 
 
Differentiation: First principle, techniques of differentiation in 
general.  Higher derivatives. 
 
Integration:  Integration as the inverse of differentiation,

techniques of integration in general,  definite integral 
(Evaluation only).

55 
Text books 
1. Mathematics for Fresh Undergraduates Vol. III, J. Singh, 
H.M. Jibril, A.J. Alkali, Y.M. Baraya and A. Umar, ABU 
press (2013) 
2. Pure Mathematics Books I & II,  J.K. Backhouse, et al  
Longman (1980). 
3. Calculus a nd Analytic Geometry, G.B. Thomas and R. L. 
Finney, Addison –Wesley (1979). 
 
PHYS 111: Mechanics 
Prerequisite – O/Level Physics. 
Units and dimensions; Dimension methods for checking

correctness of equations and for deriving simple relations. 
Additions and subtraction of vectors, projectiles, Newton laws, 
conservation laws, Elastic collisions, work, energy and power. 
Circular motion, simple harmonic motion, motion of rigid 
bodies, stati stics Gravitational potential, circular orbit, escape 
velocity. 
 
PHYS 131: Heat and Properties of Heat 
Structure of solids, liquids and gases. Kinetic theory of gases,

Elasticity, surface tension, solid friction. Fluid in motion, 
Bernuillis’s law, Aerofoil; thermodynamics; thermal expansion. 
Heat transfer. EM radiation, prevost theory of heat exchange. 
Thermal radiation detectors; Optical pyrometer.

56 
100-Level Second Semester Courses 
MATH 102: Algebra (2 Credit Units) 
Quadratic and other polynomial functions:  E lementary 
properties of quadratic expressions, roots of quadratic 
equations, application to symmetric functions, polynomial 
functions of third and fourth degrees, remainder theorem, 
location of roots. 
 
Permutation and combination:  Notion of Factorials, nPr, nCr,

and simple applications, mathematical induction principle and 
applications. 
 
Binomial Theorem: Expansion of all rational index, interval of 
convergence, approximations and errors. 
 
Text books 
1. Mathematics for Fresh Undergraduates Vol. I, D. Singh, A . 
(2013) 
2. Pure Mathematics Book I and II, J.K. Backhouse, et al , 
Longman (1980) 
 
MATH 104: Conic Sections and Application of Calculus (2 
Credit Units)

Conics: Properties o f parabola, ellipse, hyperbola, rectangular 
hyperbola, their Cartesian and parametric equations, problems 
involving elimination of parameters, tangents and normals. Rate 
of Change:  Velocity, acceleration and other rates.

57 
Curve Sketchin g:  Asymptotes, max ima and minima.  Small 
increments, approximations and errors. Newton’s 
approximation, simple application of integration to areas and 
volumes. 
Differential equations: First order differential equations only. 
 
Text books 
1. Mathematics for Fresh Undergraduates Vol. II, B.K. Jha, 
(2013)

(2013) 
2. Mathematics for Fresh Undergraduates Vol. III, J. Singh, 
3. Pure Mathematics Books I & II , J.K. Backhouse, et al , 
4. Calculus and Analytic Geometry , G.B. Thomas and 
R.L.Finney, Addison-Wesley (1979). 
 
MATH 106: Vectors and Dynamics (2 Credit Units) 
Vectors: Geometric representation of vectors in 1-3 dimensions,

components, direction cosines. Addition, scalar multiplication, 
linear independence and dependence of vectors.  Scalar and 
vector products of vectors.  Differentiation and integration of 
vectors w.r.t a scalar variable. 
 
Dynamics:  Kinematics of a particle.  Compo nents of velocity 
and acceleration of a particle moving in a plane.  Force, 
momentum, laws of motion under gravity, projectiles, restricted 
vertical motion, elastic strings, simple pendulum, impulse.

Impact of two smooth spheres, and of a restricted spher e and a 
smooth sphere.

58 
Text books 
2. Textbook of Dynamics, F. Charlton, Ellis Horwood, 1977. 
3. Vector Analysis, Murray R. Spiegel, Schau m’s Outline 
Series (1974) 
 
STAT 102: INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS II (2 CREDIT 
UNITS) 
Prerequisite – O/Level Mathematics.

UNITS) 
Random experiment, Sample space, event space, definitions of 
probability, conditional probability, addition and multiplication 
theorems, de finition of random variable (discrete and 
continuous), mathematical expectations of a random variable, 
addition and multiplication theorems of expectation, definition 
of moment,  relationship between raw moments and central 
moments, the bi-variate frequency distribution, fitting of curves

by method of least squares, concepts of correlation and 
regression and their coefficients, the rank correlation 
coefficient. 
 
Text Books 
1. Statistics for Fresh Undergraduates, Yahaya A. and 
Nnamani C.N., ABU press (2013), Zaria. 
2. Mathematical Statistics, Ray, M., Sharma, H.S. and 
Choudhary, S., Ram Prakash and Sons Agra - 3, India. 
3. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Gupta S.C. 
and Kapoor, V.K., Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi, 
India.

59 
PHYS 122: Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics 
Electric force; Field and potential, Electric flux and Gauss’s 
theorem. Capacitances, current electricity, magnetic force, 
magnetic effects of currents, magnetic materials, electro 
magnetic induction, Alter nating current, Planck’s constant 
quanta of light  energy, photo electric effect, Radioactivity,

Nuclear composition, binding energy, Nuclear fission and 
fussion. Thermionic emission, rectification by diodes, transistor. 
 
PHYS 124: Geometric Wave and Optics  
Reflection, refractive index, smells law measurement of 
refractive index, total internal reflection, air cell. Refraction 
through prism, minimum deviation. Tens formula, Lenses in 
contact, Newton formula. Spherical and chr omatic aberrations,

power of lenses, Dispersive Powers. Classification of spectra, 
Optical instruments, interference phenomenon, Newton rings, 
Polarization, Molu’s law, polaroids 
 
200-Level First Semester Courses 
COSC 211: Object-Oriented Programming I 
Prerequisite: COSC101 or Equivalence 
Overview of computers and computing; Introduction to object -
orientation as a technique for modeling computation. 
Introduction of a typical object-oriented language, such as Java;

Basic data types and operators; Basic objec t-oriented concepts; 
Introduction to Strings; Simple I/O;  Logical expressions, 
control structures, algorithms and problem solving; Arrays; 
Simple recursive algorithms; inheritance; polymorphism.

60 
Suggested Lab work 
Programming assignments involving hands -on practice in the 
design and implementation of simple algorithms such as finding 
the average, standard deviation, searching and sorting. Practice 
in developing and tracing simple recursive algorithms. 
Developing programs involving inheritance and polymorphism. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Nell Dale and Chip Weems, Programming and Problem

Solving with Java, Second Edition, Jones and Barrlett 
Publishers, 2008. (Lab Manual Available) 
2. J. Lewis and W. Loftus, Java Software Solutions , 5 th 
Edition, Addison Wesley, 2006. (Lab Manual Available) 
3. G. Bronson, Program Development Using Java: A Class -
Centered Approach , Enhanced Edition, Thompson 
Learning, 2006. 
4. D.J. Barnes and M.K. Kolling, Objects First with Java: A 
practical introduction using Blue J , Pearson Education, 
2006 
 
COSC 203: Discrete Structures

2006 
 
COSC 203: Discrete Structures 
Prerequisite: MATH101 or Equivalence 
Functions and relations. Basics of counting: inclusion -exclusion 
principle, pigeon -hole principle, permutations, recurrence 
relations, generating functions. Graphs and trees: definitions, 
properties and applications. Discrete probability: computing 
probabilities, dependent and independent events, applications. 
 
Textbooks 
1. K. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications ,

61 
2. F. Giannasi and R. Lo w, Maths for Computing and 
Information Technology, Longman, 1996. 
3. J. Trus s, Discrete Mathematics for Computer Scientists, 
Addison-Wesley, 1999. 
 
COSC 205: Digital Logic Design 
Prerequisite: COSC101 or Equivalence. 
Introduction to information representation and numb er systems. 
Boolean algebra and switching theory. Manipulation and

minimization of completely and incompletely specified Boolean 
functions. Physical properties of gates: fan -in, fan -out, 
propagation delay, timing diagrams and tri -state drivers. 
Combinational circuits design using multiplexers, decoders, 
comparators and adders. Sequential circuit analysis and design, 
basic flip -flops, clocking and timing diagrams. Registers, 
counters, RAMs, ROMs, PLAs, PLDs, and FPGA.s. 
 
Textbooks 
1. M. M. Mano and C. R. Kime, Logic and Computer Design

Fundamentals & XILINX 6.3 Student Edition , Prentice Hall, 
3rd Edition, 2004. 
2. Englander, The Architecture of Computer Hardware and 
Systems Software, 3rd Edition, Wiley, 2003.

62 
MATH 201: – Mathematical Methods - I (3 Credit Units) 
Prerequisite – MATH105 or equivalence 
Applications of Calculus:  Revision of different techniques of 
differentiation, successive differentiation, Leibniz’s theorem, 
Taylor and Maclaurin series.  Tangents and normals to plane 
curves, curvature, Definite int egrals. Methods of integration, 
reduction formulae, lengths of arc of a plane curve.  Area

enclosed by a plane curve. 
 
Differential Equations: Concept of differential equations.  First 
order ordinary differential equations of the forms; variable 
separable, homogeneous, exact and linear. Second order 
ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients, 
auxiliary equation, and cases of auxiliary equations having 
distinct, equal, and complex roots, complementary functions 
and particular integrals  in connection with non -homogeneous

equations. Uses of the operator D = d/dx and the method of 
undetermined coefficients for calculating particular integrals. 
Differential equations of Euler’s type of second order. Solutions 
of systems of two linear differ ential equations. Second order 
Ordinary Linear Differential Equations with variable 
coefficients; reduction of order, variation of parameters.  
 
Partial Differentiation:  Real valued functions of two and three

variables. Partial derivatives, chain rule, Ja cobian. Extrema, 
Lagrange’s multipliers,  increments, differentials and linear 
approximations.

63 
Text books  
1. Mathematical Methods, J. Heading, University Press, 
(1963). 
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, E. Kreyszig, Wiley, 
(1987). 
 
MATH 207: Linear Algebra I (3 Credit Units) 
Prerequisite – MATH102 or equivalence 
Matrices:  Definition, types of matrices, algebra of matrices, 
matrix as a sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. 
Elementary operations of matrices and echelon form,

equivalence matrices. Inverse of a matrix. 
 
Systems of linear equations and matrices:  Systems of m linear 
equations in n unknowns and their solutions.  Gaussian 
elimination by pivot method and matrix representation.  
Solution of the system using Gaussian elimination and Gaus s-
Jordan reduction. 
 
Determinants: Definition, evaluation of determinants. Cofactor 
expansion, inverse of a non-singular matrix. Solution of systems 
of linear equations using Cramer’s rule. 
 
Text books

Text books 
1. Linear Algebra, S. lipschutz (Schaum’s Outline Series)  Mc 
Graw-Hill (1987) 
2. Linear Algebra and Matrix Theory, E.D. Nerring, John 
Wiley, (1967).

64 
MATH 209: Numerical Analysis I (3 Credit Units) 
Prerequisite – MATH105 
Accuracy in numerical calculations: errors and their sources, 
error accumulation in different operations.  
 
Finite differences: difference operators and difference table.   
Evaluation of functions: using series approximation, solution of 
polynomial, algebraic and transcendental equations, curve 
fitting.

fitting.  
 
Interpolation: Newton’s difference formulae , central difference 
formulae, Lagrange’s formula. Numerical differentiation.  
Numerical Integration 
 
Text books 
1. Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Carl -Eric Froberg, 
Addison-Wesley publication, (1981). 
2. Theory and Problems of Numerical Analysis, Francis 
Scheid, Schaum’s Series (1968). 
3. Numerical Analysis: An Introduction, S.A. Bhatti, 
Mathematics Departmental Library, (Lecture Notes, 
1980’s).

1980’s). 
4. Calculus of Finite differences and Numerical Analysis, 
P.P. Gupta & G.S. Malik. 
 
200 - Level Second Semester Courses 
COSC 212: Object-Oriented Programming II 
Prerequisite: COSC102 or Equivalence 
Advanced object -oriented programming - polymorphism, 
abstract classes and interfaces: Program organization using 
packages/namespaces; Use of API – use of

65 
iterators/enumerators, List, Stack, Queue from API; Recursion; 
Event-driven programming. 
 
Programming assignments leading to extensive practice in 
problem solving and program development with emphasis on 
object-orientation. Solving basic problems using static and 
dynamic data structures. Solving various searching and sorting 
algorithms using iterative and recursive approaches. GUI 
programming.

programming. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Nell Dale and Chip Weems, Programming and Problem 
4. D.J. Barnes and M.K. Kolling, Objects First with Java: A

2006 
 
COSC 204: Organization and Assembly Language 
Introduction to computer organization. Signed and uns igned 
number representation, character representation, ASCII codes. 
Assembly language programming, instruction format and types, 
memory and I/O instructions, dataflow, arithmetic, and flow 
control instructions, addressing modes, stack operations, and

66 
microprogramming, and hardwired control. Practice of 
assembly language programming. 
 
Programming assignments to practice MS -DOS batch 
programming, Assembly Process, Debugging, Procedures, 
Keyboard input, Video Output, File and Disk I/O and Data 
Structure. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Vincent P. Heuring , Harry F. Jordan , Computer System 
Design & Architecture, Prentice Hall, 2004.

Design & Architecture, Prentice Hall, 2004. 
2. Dandamudiet al , Introduction to Assembly Language 
Programming: From 8086 to P entium, Springer, New York, 
1998. 
 
COSC 206: Human Computer Interaction 
Foundation of HCI, principles of GUI, GUI toolkits. Human -
centered software evaluation and development; GUI design and 
 
Textbooks: 
1. Dix, Finlay, Aboud& Beale,  Human-Computer Interaction. 
Pearson Prentice-Hall, Third ed, 2004.

Pearson Prentice-Hall, Third ed, 2004. 
2. Preece, J., Rogers, Y. & Sharp, H., Interaction Design: 
Beyond Human-Computer Interaction. New York, NY: John 
Wiley & Sons, 2002.

67 
COSC 208: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 
Introduction to the types of problems and techniques in 
Artificial Intelligence.  Problem -Solving methods. Major 
structures used in Artificial Intelligence programs.  Study of 
knowledge representation techniques such as predicate logic, 
non-monotonic logic, and probabilistic reasoning. Examples of

expert systems. Introduction to natural language understanding 
and various syntactic and semantic structures. Expert systems.  
Introduction to computer image recognition. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Stuart Russell  and Peter Norvig , AI: A Modern Approach , 
2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003. 
2. G.F. Luga, Artificial Intelligence: structures and str ategies 
for complex problem solving , 5th Edition, Addison Wesley, 
2005. 
 
MATH 208: Linear Algebra II (3 Credit Units) 
Prerequisite – MATH 102

Prerequisite – MATH 102 
Vector Spaces:  Review of basic definitions and examples of 
vector spaces. Subspaces, linear dependence and indepe ndence. 
Bases, dimension of a vector space. Homomorphism and 
quotient space.  Direct sum, Dual spaces. 
 
Linear Mappings and Matrices: General linear transformation of 
n-dimensional into m -dimensional space, matrix representation 
of a linear map, similar ma trices and change of basis.   
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.  Characteristic polynomial and

characteristic equation.  Caley -Hamilton theorem.  Orthogonal 
diagonalization.

68 
Canonical Forms: Primary decomposition theorem, Triangular 
Jordan and Rational forms for linear operator (square matrices).  
Quadratic and bilinear forms. 
 
Text books 
1. Linear Algebra, S. lipschutz (Schaum’s Outline Series) Mc 
Wiley, (1967). 
 
STAT 202: Continuous Probabil ity Distributions and 
Distribution Techniques (3 Credit Units)

Distribution Techniques (3 Credit Units) 
Prerequisite – STAT 102 
Univariate continuous probability distributions such as Normal, 
Uniform, exponential, type I and type II beta and gamma 
distributions, various properties of these distri butions, fitting of 
normal distribution. Concept of Bi -variate probability 
distribution, joint, marginal, conditional probability distribution, 
covariance and correlation of bi -variate r.v. sampling

distribution and standard errors of statistics, distribut ion of 
functions of random variables using the techniques such as 
cumulative distribution function technique, moment generating 
function technique and transformation technique. 
 
Text Books 
1. Introduction to the theory of Statistics, Mood, A.M., 
Graybill, F.A . and Boes, D.C.  Mc -Graw-Hill, New York, 
USA. 
2. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Gupta S.C. and 
Kapoor, V.K., Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi, India.

69 
300-Level First Semester Courses 
COSC301: Data Structures and Algorithm 
Prerequisite: COSC212 or Competence in Programming 
Review of object -oriented concepts; Basic algorithm analysis -  
the big -O notation; Fundamental data structures – 
implementation strategies for stacks, queues and lists; 
Recursion; Implementation strategies for tree and graph 
algorithms; Hash tables; Application of data structures.

problem solving and program development involving the use of 
the various data structures implemented in the course. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Adam Drozdek, Data Structures and Algorithms in Java, 2nd 
Edition, Thomson Course Technology, 2005. 
2. J Lewis & J Chase , Java Software Structures,  2nd Edition, 
Addison-Wesley, 2005. 
3. D.S. Malik,J ava Programming: Program Design Including

Data Structures, Thomson Course Technology, 2005. 
 
COSC 303: Computer Architecture 
Prerequisite: COSC205 
Memory hierarchy and cache memory. Integer and floating 
point arithmetic. Instruction and arithmetic pipelining, 
superscalar architecture. Reduced instruction set computer s. 
Parallel architectures and interconnection networks.

70 
Textbooks 
1. David Patterson & John Hennessy, Computer Architecture: 
A Quantitative Approach , 4 th Edition, Kaufmann, 2006, 
ISBN 0-12-370490-1. 
2. Linda Null and Julia Lobur, The Essentials of Computer 
Organization and Architecture , 2 nd Edition, Jones & 
Bartlett, 2006. ISBN 0-7637-3769-0 
 
COSC 305: Systems Analysis and Design 
Prerequisite: COSC211 or Competence in Programming

The software development life cycle: conception, business case, 
business context , system requirements, requirements analysis, 
systems analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, 
maintenance. The Unified Modeling Language (UML): models, 
use case diagrams, activity diagrams and state chart diagrams, 
sequence and collaboration  diagrams, class diagrams, 
component diagrams. Managing the process: customers, 
organization types, project management, teams and team

dynamics, computer assisted software engineering (CASE) 
tools, documentation. 
 
Suggested Lab Work 
Analysis and design ass ignments leading to extensive practice 
in the use of UML and CASE tools. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Dennis, Wixom, Roth, Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd 
Edition, John Wiley, 2006. 
2. Farmer, McRobb& Bennett: Object Oriented Systems 
Analysis and Design Using UML,  3rd Edition, Mc -Graw 
Hill 2006.

71 
3. Roger S. Pressman, Software Engineering: A Practitioner's 
Approach, 6th Edition Mc-Graw Hill, 2005. 
4. Ken Lunn, Software Development with UML, Palgrave 
Macmillan Limited, 2003. 
 
COSC 307: Web Applications Engineering I 
Prerequisite: COSC211 or Competence in Programming 
The Internet (brief history, Internet protocols and Internet 
services) ; The Web architecture (Client -server architecture,

multi-tier architecture, URL)  ; XHTML;  DHTML (Cascaded 
Style Sheet, JavaScript, DOM) ; Web interface and interactivity 
design principles and practice. Incorporating multimedia 
content into Web pages (using Photoshop, Flash or similar 
tools). 
 
Textbooks 
1. Dietel, H. M. , Dietel, P. J., Goldberg, A. B. Internet & 
World Wide Web How to Program, 4th  Edition, Prentice -
Hall, 2008. 
2. R. W. Sebesta,  Programming the World Wide Web, 3rd 
Edition, Addison Wesley, 2006

Edition, Addison Wesley, 2006 
3. Flanagan: JavaScript: The Definitive Guide , 5 th  Edition, 
O'Reilly, 2006 
 
COSC 309: Database Management Systems 
Prerequisite: COSC211 
Basic database concepts. Conceptual modeling. Relational data 
model.  Relational theory and languages. Database Design. 
Database security and integrity. Introduction to query 
processing and optimization. Introduction to concurrency and 
recovery.

72 
Programming assignments to learn database design using CASE 
tools. Introduction to  back-end/Server-based Relational 
DataBase Management System (RDBMS). Learning Standard 
SQL (interactive/embedded). Introduction and programming 
assignments on Front -End tools. Programming team projects to 
design and develop real life database systems usin g the learned 
tools. 
 
Textbooks

tools. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, Fundamentals of 
Database Systems, 5th Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2007. 
2. Carolyn Begg and Thomas Connolly, Database Systems: A 
Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and 
Management, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2004. 
 
COSC 311: Organization of Programming Languages 
Concepts of Programming languages:  Syntax and semantics.

Data types. Control structures. Sub -Programs. Exception 
handling. Run-time Storage Management. Programming 
Paradigms: Imperative, functional, logic, object -oriented and 
concurrent. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Robert W. Sebesta, Concepts of Programming Languages , 
7th Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2006. 
2. Kenneth Louden, Programming Languages: P rinciples and 
Practice, Second Edition, Course Technology, 2003. 
3. Allen Tucker and Robert Noonan, Programming

3. Allen Tucker and Robert Noonan, Programming 
Languages: Principles and Paradigms , Mc -Graw Hill, 
2002.

73 
MATH 311: Mathematical Modeling (3 Credit Units) 
Prerequisite – MATH201 
Methodology of Model building: Identification, formulation and 
solution of problems.  Cause -effect diagrams. Modeling using 
graphs and proportionality: modeling by interpolation using 
polynomials. Modeling using Least squares and Linear 
programming. Modeling deterministic b ehavior and 
probabilistic processes. Modeling using derivatives:

applications using differential equations. 
 
Text books 
1. A first course in Mathematical Modeling, F.R Giordano 
& M.D. Weir, Woodsworth, Inc. (1985). 
2. Mathematical Modeling for Industrial Process es, Lassi 
Hyvaarinen, Springer-verlag (1970). 
3. Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, T.L. 
Saaty, Dover Publications, Inc. (1988). 
 
400-Level First Semester Courses 
COSC 400: Project 
Prerequisite: COSC 300 
The project aims to provide experience with planning, executing

and formally reporting on a substantial computing task within a 
set time. Students will develop their understanding of relevant 
areas of computing and their capabilities in the practical 
engineering and writing activities involved, and d emonstrate 
their competence as candidate computing professionals. 
 
An essay on a topic selected from a list covering generalized 
areas of economic disciplines dealing with significant current

economic problems. This is to be presented in at least five (5) 
chapters of not less than sixty (60) pages of A4 paper and

74 
double spaced type with 14 font size characters following the 
format below: 
 
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 
CHAPTER TWO: Literature review ant Theoretical 
frameworks. 
CHAPTER THREE: Methodology – method of data 
presentation, analysis and interpretation. 
CHAPTER FOUR: Data presentation, analysis and 
interpretation. 
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, conclusion and recommendations.

Students are required to write and submit to their supervisor tree 
topics which must be formed from the given sub -themes of that 
session and are expected to research and gather enough 
materials on the topic of interest they want to write on before 
forwarding it to their supervisor for approval. 
 
Textbooks 
1. CW Dawson, Projects in Computing and  Information 
Systems, Addison-Wesley, 2005 
 
COSC 401: Algorithm and Complexity Analysis 
Prerequisite: COSC301

Prerequisite: COSC301 
Introduction to algorithms and review of data structures; 
fundamentals of algorithm analysis; Analyzing recursive and 
non-recursive algorithms; Al gorithm design techniques: brute -
force, divide -and-conquer, greedy algorithms, dynamic 
programming, search techniques; NP -complete problems and 
approximation algorithms. 
 
1. Anany Levitin, Introduction to the Design and Analysis of 
Algorithms, Addison Wesley, 2003. ISBN 0-201-74395-7

75 
2. M. Al -Suwaiyel, Algorithms: Design Techniques & 
Analysis, World Scientific Publishing Company, 1999. 
3. Useful Resources: 
http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/classes/wi05/cse101/ 
 
COSC 403: Software Engineering 
Prerequisite: COSC305 
Fundamental design concepts, design notations, and 
architectural design methods for large -scale software systems.  
Several design: examples of their use, comparisons among

them. Concepts of informati on hiding, data abstraction, 
concurrency, and object-oriented software construction. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Roger S. Pressman, Software Engineering: A Practitioner's 
2. Ian Sommerville: Software Engineering, 8th Edition, 
Addison Wesley, 2006. 
3. Dennis, Wixom, Roth, Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd 
 
COSC 405: Web Application Engineering II 
Prerequisite: COSC307

Prerequisite: COSC307 
Review of client -side application development. Server -side 
application development. Adding conten t to Web applications 
dynamically. Input validation and use of regular expressions. 
Defining and managing sessions. Cookies. Working with 
databases. Web application security.   
 
Assignments and projects should be given to enable students 
design and implement non-trivial data-driven Web applications.

76 
Textbooks 
Hall, 2007. 
2. Jeffrey C. Jackson , Web Technologies: A Computer 
Science Perspective, Prentice hall, 2007. 
3. Shepherd, G, Microsoft ASP.NET 2.0 Step by Step,  
Microsoft Corporation, 2006. 
 
COSC 407: Data Communications and Network 
Prerequisite: COSC205

Introduction to computer networks and layered architectures: 
connectivity, topology, circuit and packet switching, TCP/IP 
and ISO models; Application layer: C/S model, D NS, SMTP, 
FTP, WWW, socket programming and network security; 
Transport layer: TCP and UDP, congestion control; Network 
layer: internetworking, addressing and routing algorithms and 
protocols; Data link layer: framing, flow and error control

protocols, PPP,  MAC and LANs; Physical layer: principles of 
data communications, circuit switching, coding, multiplexing 
and transmission media. Network security: fundamentals of 
cryptography, secret and public key algorithms, authentication 
protocols.

77 
The lab involves several projects to gain hands -on experience 
with network devices, programming and tools. More 
specifically, it provides students with the opportunity to: Setup 
various servers such as DNS, DHCP, Web Servers on 
Windows/Linux platforms; Develop simple client/server 
network applications using sockets; Create simple web pages; 
Simulate network; Analyze various protocols by capturing

packets; Measure network utilization under varied situations; 
Use various network -related commands; Configure  switches 
and routers. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communications and 
Networking, McGraw Hill, 2004. 
2. Andrew Tanembaum, Computer Networks , 4 th Edition, 
Prentice Hall, 2003. 
 
COSC 409: Professional and Social Aspects of Computing 
Prerequisite: COSC206 
Professional aspects; professions and the professional;

professional institutions; professional ethics and 
responsibilities; the computer professional as expert witness. 
Standards, best practice. Legal background, sources of law; civil 
and criminal law . Intellectual property rights, software 
copyright, patents, designs, trade marks and passing off; 
copyright and webpages, Internet domain names, protection of 
computer imagers and icons, jurisdiction; confidentiality. Data 
protection law; freedom of movem ent of personal data; privacy

in telecommunications. Computer crime; fraud; computer 
misuse; viruses; threatening emails; pornography; grooming in

78 
chat rooms. Social aspects of the workplace/society at large. 
The impact of IT on society. 
 
Textbooks 
1. David B ainbridge, Introduction to Information Technology 
Law, 6th Edition, Longman, 2007. 
2. George Reynolds, Ethics in Information Technology, Course 
Technology, 2006. 
 
COSC 411: Operating Systems 
Fundamentals of operating systems design and i mplementation.

History and evolution of operating systems; Types of operating 
systems; Operating system structures; Process management: 
processes, threads, CPU scheduling, process synchronization; 
Memory management and virtual memory; File systems; I/O 
systems; Security and protection; Case-study. 
 
Implementation of user -defined utilities/commands for UNIX 
by writing systems programs using different types of system 
calls including those for file/directory management, process

management, s ignal management, and client/server 
management. Also involve practice on various aspects of shell 
environment and shell programming. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Brian Stuart, Operating Systems: Principles and 
Application, Course Technology, 2008. 
2. AviSilberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin, Greg Gagne, Operating 
System Concepts,  7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 
2004.

79 
3. A S Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems, Prentice Hall, 
2001. 
4. H M Dietel, P J Dietel and D R Choffnes, Operating 
Systems, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2004. 
 
COSC 413: Computational Science and Numerical Methods 
Prerequisite: MATH209 
History and importance of c omputational science, overview of 
application areas, review of required skills. High -performance

computing:  processor architectures, memory systems for high 
performance, input/output devices, pipelining, parallel 
languages and architectures. Scientific vi sualization: 
presentation of results, data formats, visualization tools and 
packages. Application of high -performance computing to 
scientific and engineering problems. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Barry Wilkinson and Michael Allen, Parallel 
Programming: Techniques and Appli cations Using

Programming: Techniques and Appli cations Using 
Networked Workstations and Parallel Computers , Second 
Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2005. 
2. Michael J. Quinn, Parallel Programming in C with MPI and 
OpenMP, First Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003. 
 
400-Level Second Semester Courses 
COSC 402:  Formal Methods in Software Development 
Prerequisite: COSC212 
Mathematical foundations for formal methods. Formal 
languages and techniques for specification and design,

including specifying syntax using grammars and finite state 
machines. Analysis and verification of sp ecifications and

80 
designs. Use of assertions and proofs. Automated program and 
design transformation. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Jonathanh Bowen, Formal Specification and Documentation 
using Z: A Case Study Approach , International Thomson 
Computer Press (ITCP), 1996. 
2. Huth, M. and Ryan, M. Logic in Computer Science: 
Modelling and Reasoning about Systems . Cambridge 
University Press. 1999.

University Press. 1999. 
3. Cliff B. Jones, Systematic Software Development Using 
VDM, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1990. 
4. Useful Resources:  
a. http://www.cs.chalmers.se/Cs/Grundutb/Kurser/form/ 
b. http://www.freetechbooks.com/forum-28.html 
  
COSC 404: Network Design and Management 
Overview of network design and management; Design 
methodologies; Network management strategies; Network 
configuration management; Network management protocols:

SNMP, and RMON; Network management tools and systems; 
Network management applications; Desktop an d web -based 
network management; Network troubleshooting. 
 
A closed lab with hands-on exercises using state-of-the-art tools 
in the design, analysis and troubleshooting computer networks. 
 
Textbooks 
1. James D. McCabe, Network Analysis, Arch itecture and 
Design, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003.

81 
2. Rachel Morgan and Henry McGilton, Introducing Unix 
System V, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987 
 
COSC 406: Advanced Database Systems 
Prerequisite: COSC309 
Advanced data models. Conceptual Database design . 
Concurrency control techniques. Recovery techniques. Query 
processing and optimization.  Integrity and security.  Client-
server architecture.  Distributed database systems. Current 
trends in database systems.

trends in database systems. 
 
Textbooks 
 
COSC 408: Compiler Construction 
Design and implementation of compilers, principles of 
languages translation. Each student implements a complete

compiler for a small but substantial language. The stages of a 
compiler. Boot -strapping a compiler. Lexical analysis, regula r 
expressions, finite state machines. Syntactic analysis, context 
free grammars, parsers. Semantic analysis, type checking, 
symbol tables. Syntax -directed translation. Data flow analysis, 
peephole optimization. Code generation. 
 
Textbooks 
1. Andrew W. Appel, Modern Compiler Implementation in 
Java, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

82 
2. ACM//IEEE. Computing Curricula 2001. Electronic version 
available at http://www.acm.org/sigcse/cc2001/.  
3. NUC BMAS. Bench marks and Minimum Academic 
Standard (Science), Published by the National Universities 
Commission, April 2007. 
4. Career Space is a European Consortium of over 20 
universities all over Europe. They established a working 
group on ICT curriculum development.  In formation about

this can be reached at  http://career-space.com/cdguide/ 
5. M.R.K. Krishna Rao, S. Junaidu, T. Maghrabi, M. Shafique , 
M. Ahmad and K. Faisal (2005), Principles of curriculum 
design and revision: a case study in implementing 
computing curricula CC2001, Proc. of the ACM Special 
Interest Group on Computer Science Education Annual 
Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer 
Science Education (ITiCSE'2005). 
 
COSC 416: Simulation Methodology 
Prerequisite: STAT202

Prerequisite: STAT202 
Introduction and comparison with other techniques, discrete 
simulation model, generation of pseudo random numbers, 
statistical testing. Implementation of queuing theory, simulation 
languages and packages. System Models, System Studies, 
Techniques of System simulation, continuous system 
simulation, introduction to GPSS. 
 
Text Books 
1. System Simulation, Gordon G., Prentice Hall 
2. Introduction to Simulation, Payer T.A., McGraw Hall

83 
STAT 412: Operations Research (3 Credit Units). 
Prerequisite – MATH311 
Classical methods of optimization, Maxima and minima, 
Lagranges’ multipliers.  Linear programming:  Convex sets and 
functions, simplex and revised simplex methods, duality theory, 
applications. Linear programming applications to diet problems, 
transportation problems, manufacturing problems, Network 
Analysis, etc. 
 
Text Books

Text Books 
1. Operations Research, Sharma, J.K., Macmillan India. 
2. Operations Research, Swaroop, Gupta, P.K. and Mohan, 
M., Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi, India. 
 
Service Courses 
COSC 264: Fundamentals of Data Processing (2 Credit 
Units). 
Prerequisite – O/L MATHS 
Data processing cycle & Operations, Developments in Data 
processing, storage media, punched -card recording & 
processing, electronic data processing, communicating with the

computer, computer codes & arithmetic, flowcharts & 
programming techniques, data structure. 
 
Text Book 
1. Data processing by Martim M. Lipshutz and Seymour 
Lipshutz, McGraw-Hill book company, Singapore, 1982.

84 
COSC 265: Introducing Computer (2 Credit Units). 
Computer (definition, types generation, history) 
Computer (structure, components, number system) 
Computer Software (type, application, systems, packages, 
languages, machine, symbolic high level languages, most 
popular languages) 
 
Networks Topology; star, ring mesh, bus 
Popular packages (database, spreadsheet, word processing, Dos

windows with practice on information retrieval using data based 
management system commands) 
 
Computer applications in Library and Nursing 
 
Text Book 
1. A Guide to F ORTRAN Programming 2nd Edition by Daniel 
D McCrackken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1965 
 
COSC 344: Computer Knowledge and FORTRAN 
Programming (3 Credit Units). 
Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number systems, conversion 
complement of numbers. Representation of negative numbers,

Digital computers, main functional elements of a computer 
(memory, central and arithmetic units, input -output devices; 
backing storages). Information in the core store. 
 
Binary coded decimal, fix and flo ating point representations, 
programming languages (short summary of the machine code. 
Assembly, machine and problem oriented languages). The flow 
chart language, Loops, interaction. The basic FORTRAN

85 
Numerical data, arithmetic, arrays, input -output, contr ol 
statements, sementation of programmes, statement function, 
function and subroutine segments. Common, equivalence 
statements. 
 
Text Book 
1. A Guide to FORTRAN Programming 2 nd Edition by Daniel 
 
Graduation Requirements 
For a student to graduate, he/she must pass all his/her core

courses, earn at least 120 credit units (i.e . TECU ≥ 120) and 
have a Cumulative Grade Point Average of at least 1.50 (i.e. 
CGPA ≥ 1.50) 
 
3.8 EXAMINATION RESULTS 
Semester Grades 
(a) Semester grades are calculated as Grade Point Averages 
(GPA) on the basis of A, B, C, D and F, which are 
equivalent to 5, 4 , 3, 2, and 0 grade points (GP), 
respectively for classified degrees. 
(b) The minimum pass mark is 45% or GP of 1.00 for classified

degrees, hence, a minimum CGPA of 1.00 is required for 
graduation. 
(c) In order to obtain an overall pass in the examinations in any  
year of study, a student is required to maintain a CGPA of at 
least 1.00 to be in good academic standing, a student whose 
cumulative GPA falls below 1.00 at the end of any year of 
study shall be placed on “probation”.

86 
How Grade Points are computed in your courses 
            Grades   Grade Points 
            70-100    (A)         5 
             60-70     (B)         4 
             50-59     (C)         3 
             45-49     (D)         2 
             0-44        (F)         0 
 
The class of degree as de scribed above is being determined by 
the efforts a student puts into his/her studies from 100 level or

200 level as the case may be to the final level/year of his/her 
studies. 
3.9 CLASSIFICATION OF DEGREE 
 CGPA                                             CLASS OF DEGREE 
4.50-500                                       1st  First Class 
3.50-4.49                                       2nd   Class Upper Division 
2.40-3.49                                       2nd Class Lower Division 
1.50-2.39                                       Third Class

1.00-1.49                                       Pass 
Below 1.00                                     Fail

87 
APPENDIX 1: 
EXAMINATION POLICY AND GUIDELINES 
 
1.0 INTRODUCTION 
 
1.1 PREAMBLE 
The need to commence Distance Learning in A BU has been a 
product of internal demands initiated by the School of 
Postgraduate Studies as well external agitations by some alumni 
as exemplified at the 50 th anniversary by Mallam Adamu Fika 
in his lead paper to mark ABU’s golden jubilee where he said

“ABU should consider developing an effective Distance 
Learning System that deploys modern communication facilities 
and online tutorial to impact functional knowledge to the 
millions who may not be able to enroll on its regular campus -
based programmes”. 
 
1.2 DLC LAW AND STATUTE 
The Senate of the Ahmadu Bello University approved the ‘ABU 
Open and Distance Learning Policy’ and establishment of the 
Distance Learning Centre at its 458th meeting held on 28 th

March 2013). The ratification of this earlier approval b y the 
Governing Council of Ahmadu Bello University was effected 
through Statute 28 (2016). 
 
1.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR DLC EXAMINATION 
POLICY 
1. The uniqueness of distance education has made the existing 
University Examination regulation incomprehensive. 
2. Compliance with NUC regulations requiring all key activities 
to be ratified by the corresponding university authority.

88 
2.0 EXAMINATION VENUES 
Whereas continuous assessment examinations (individual and 
group assignments; Forum discussions) shall be undertaken  
using the relevant e -Learning tool, all Semester Examinations 
shall be supervised examinations as stipulated by the guidelines 
of the National Universities Commission. 
 
Examinations shall be held in all 3 semesters (January, May and

September Semesters) i n secured facilities within or outside 
Nigeria (preferably, Nigerian Embassies) as dictated by the 
distribution of Distance Learning students. In all such Centres a 
minimum of one supervisor for every 50 students shall be made 
while a Supervisor (Senior Ac ademic from the Ahmadu Bello 
University – preferably a relevant Head of Department) shall 
oversee the examinations in each Centre. CCTV monitoring and 
recording of the examinations shall be undertaken in all

examinations within Nigeria. 
 
2.1 NIGERIAN STUDENTS 
Examinations shall be held only in JAMB accredited CBT 
Centres (preferably Universities) where the minimum security 
and technological requirements have been earlier certified. One 
or more such facilities in each of the six geopolitical zones of 
the Nigeria shall be used as venues for semester examinations. 
 
2.2 INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS 
Students not resident in Nigeria at inception of their students or

who revert to an international student status shall partake in 
their semester examination in the nearest Nigerian Embassy 
(with a minimum of 10 students) under the supervision of the 
Education Attaché (less than 20 students or a Senior Academic

89 
Staff (preferably a HOD) where the number of students exceed 
20. 
 
3.0 PREPARATION FOR EXAMINATIONS 
1. Printing of master list of registered students shall be done by 
Examination Unit and distributed to various Heads of 
programmes six (6) weeks before the commencement of the 
Semester examinations. 
2. Tentative time table for examination shall be ready six weeks

to examination while a definite time table shall be ready four 
weeks to examination. 
3. Registration of students for semester examination on the 
portal, where students select their examination venue, 
schedule (weekdays or weekend) and courses to be written, 
shall be complet ed two weeks before commencement of the 
semester examination. Once selected, the venue or schedule 
cannot be changed 
4. All request for deferment of examinations (en -bloc) must be

concluded at least 2 weeks to the commencement of the 
corresponding semester examination. 
5. Generation and mailing of Vigicode (examination card) or 
other IT based identification  shall be done two weeks to the 
semester examination. 
6. Distribution/mailing of Examination Regulations to all 
staff/students by the Heads of programmes for comp liance 
shall take place three weeks before commencement of 
7. Funds approved to facilitate the conduct of examinations

shall always be released by mid semester. 
8. Examination venues in the six (6) Geopolitical zones shall be 
in established JAMB Certified institutions.

90 
9. Examination for international students/diaspora shall be 
supervised in the corresponding Nigerian Embassy.  
 
4.0 ADMINISTERING EXAMINATIONS 
1. Whereas Continuous Assessment (CA) examinations shall be 
essay type (individual & grou p assignments as well as 
forum/topical discussions); semester examinations shall be 
blended and to be held in multiple venues as deemed 
adequate.

adequate. 
2. All examination questions shall be dispatched to external 
examination venues on the day of the examination in an 
encrypted form. 
3. Semester examinations shall be held in each of the three (3) 
semester in every session. 
4. Examination timelines: 
 
a) All examination questions and marking schemes are 
to be forwarded  to the Programme Coordinator by e -
tutors within four weeks of the semester. 
b) All examination questions are to be internally and

externally moderated within 4 -8 weeks of 
commencement of each semester  
c) All examination questions shall be ready and 
deposited with the Examination Officer four weeks to 
the examination. 
d) A pool of MCQ and Essay type questions shall be 
developed for each course. 
 
5. Any student who defers any semester examinations shall 
only be permitted to re -take the said examination in the 3 rd 
Semester for a fee.

91 
6. All Chief invigilators at Examination venues  shall be sent 
examination questions in the morning of the date for the 
examination, however prior configurations of the CBT 
system and questions (with dummy questions) shall  be 
completed a day before commencement of the 
examination. 
7. All invigilators shall be at the venue of the each 
examination two hours to the beginning of each

examination two hours to the beginning of each 
examination. Biometric accreditation of students into the 
examination hall must commence two hours to the 
8. Semester examinations shall not last for more than three 
weeks.  
9. Internal (Programme Examiners Committee) 
moderation/consideration of results must be done two  four 
weeks after examinations. 
10. DLC Board of Examiners shall meet 5 weeks after the last 
day of the examinations to consider the results and make

recommendations to the DLC Academic Board which shall 
meet within the next 1 week.  
11. Semester examination results shall be forwarded to Senate 
for approval, six weeks after the last day of the 
examinations for Undergraduate programmes. Postgraduate 
examination results shall be forwarded to the Dean, School 
of Postgraduate Studies. 
12. Semester Examination result shall be forwarded to the 
Examination Officer immediately the examinations are

concluded while all CA results shall be forwarded prior to 
the commencement of Semester examinations.  
13. There shall be no resit  examination for failure in any 
examination, the course credit system require such course 
to be carried over to another semester.

92 
 
5.0 APPOINTMENT OF EXTERNAL/INTERNAL 
MODERATORS/EXAMINERS 
1) Appointment of external and  internal 
Moderators/Examiners shall be forwarded to Senate for 
consideration and approval four weeks after 
commencement of academic session. 
2) The Centre shall inform Senate in her submission the 
number of terms the external examiners they 
recommended had s erved. External Examiners shall

serve for a maximum of three sessions at a stretch. 
3) Appointment and approval of Internal and External 
Examiners for Postgraduate programmes shall be in 
compliance with ‘ABU Regulations Governing Higher 
Degree Studies’ 
 
6.0 GENERAL EXAMINATION REGULATIONS, 
1. Candidates must attend punctually at the times scheduled 
for their examinations, and must be at the venue of the 
examination two hours before the time the examination is

due to start. Candidates arriving more than half an h our 
after the examination has started shall not  be allowed to 
participate in the examination, or may be admitted only at 
the discretion of the Chief Invigilator (i.e. provided the 
cause(s) of lateness by the student are reasonable,  cogent 
and sufficiently convincing).  
2. Except with the special permission of the Chief 
Invigilator/Supervisor, candidates may not leave the 
examination hall during the first and last half hour of the

93 
permission of the invigil ator, may leave the room 
temporarily, and then only if accompanied. 
3. Candidates must display their Examination cards/print 
out of Vigicode during each examination and no writing 
of any form on the printout shall be condoned. 
4. Candidates must bring with them to the examination hall 
their own pens and pencils and any materials which may 
be permitted by these regulations, but they are not

allowed to bring any other book or paper. Candidates are 
warned, in their own interest, to ensure that lecture notes, 
textbooks, bags, mobile telephones, etc. are not brought 
into the examination hall. Answer booklets/Plain sheets 
shall be provided whenever indicated. 
5. Candidates shall be searched by the Invigilator before 
they are allowed into the examination hall. 
6. While the exa mination is in progress, communication 
between candidates is strictly forbidden, and any

candidate found to be giving or receiving assistance shall 
be deemed to have committed an examination 
irregularity. 
7. Silence must be observed in the examination hall. T he 
only permissible way of attracting the attention of the 
invigilator is by the candidate raising his/her/her hand for 
recognition. 
8. Candidates shall use their Registration Numbers only, 
throughout all Examinations 
9. Every necessary precaution shall be taken  including

physical search before candidate leaves or returns to the 
examination room/hall. 
10. There is a No Smoking Policy in all Examination 
venues/Resource Centres during examinations.

94 
11. Candidates are informed that a First Aid Box is provided 
in the examina tion hall, and medical attention can be 
obtained if necessary. 
12. All rough work must be done in the sheets of paper 
provided by invigilators for the purpose of rough work. 
Any other paper brought in will be confiscated and 
candidate penalized. 
13.  A student inv olved in examination misconduct or

malpractice shall be penalised as dictated by the 
University Examination Regulations.  
14. Candidates must adhere strictly to the sitting arrangement 
put in place, which has been configured automatically by 
the CBT system. 
15. To improve the objectivity of examination results, the 
DLC shall put in place a “Double Marking” programme. 
 
7.0 CONSEQUENCES FOR FAILING TO WRITE 
EXAMINATIONS 
1) Students have the right to defer writing a semester

examination until the third semester (for a fe e), however 
such student must duly apply for such deferment.  
2) Students who fail to write the examination without 
permission shall be made to carry over the course. 
3) Students who fail to partake in 2 consecutive Semester 
examinations (without deferment) are deemed to have 
voluntarily withdrawn from the programme. 
4) Students who fail to write any semester examination due 
to circumstances such as medical and or security

to circumstances such as medical and or security 
engagements shall be allowed to re -write such an 
examination at a later time.

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8.0   ACADEMIC MONITORING/QUALITY 
ASSURANCE 
1) There shall be a monitoring mechanism for all 
2) Online Programme Assessment Forms shall be made 
available to DLC students at the end of each of the three 
semesters in a session to assess the programmes (content, 
delivery, e-tutors and support). 
 
9.0 RESEARCH WORK AND PROJECT, 
DISSERTATION AND THESISMANAGEMENT

DISSERTATION AND THESISMANAGEMENT 
1. All research projects by students shall conform to the 
standard University practice. 
2. Management of Project reports, Dissertations and Thesis 
shall be in conform ity with the subsisting ‘Regulations 
Governing Higher Degree Studies in ABU’. 
 
10.0   DUTIES OF INVIGILATORS 
There shall be adequate number of invigilators in any 
examination venue (minimum of 1 invigilator/50 students). 
Each of the venues shall be superv ised by a DLC Deputy

Director; DLC Academic Adviser for the Geopolitical Zone or a 
Head of Department. 
 
1. Arrive at the venue of Examination at least 1 hour before the 
session commences 
2. Shall inspect the Identity and Admission cards of candidates 
before admission into the examination room/hall. 
3. Ensure compliance to all schedules and time restrictions by 
students. 
4. Ensure that items not relevant to the examination are not 
allowed in the examination room such as books, bags, mobile

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phones, programmable calculators, palm top computers, mini 
scanners etc. 
5. Confiscate such items and report on such matters to the Chief 
Invigilator. 
6. Ensure that borrowing of any item or removal of 
examination materials does not occur. 
7. Ensure that under no circumstances are candidates le ft 
without supervision 
8. Should occasionally move around the examinations 
hall/room.

hall/room. 
9. Ensure that candidates caught in breach of Examination 
Regulations are allowed to continue with the examination but 
the breach immediately documented. 
10. Present a written report on any incident with exhibits to the 
Examinations Officer/Chief Invigilator. 
 
11.0 EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE 
1. All malpractice cases shall be treated in conformity with 
established University regulations. 
2. The DLC Academic Board shall establish an ERIC

committee to conduct all preliminary investigations 
3. Examination malpractice shall be deemed to have been 
committed when any of the followinghas been established: 
i.  Impersonation/attempted impersonation at a CA or 
Semester Examination 
ii.  Plagiarism of ot her works, applicable to all 
assignments (CA) and Project  
iii.  Subletting/conscripting anyone to in parts or wholly 
undertake an assignment or examination on the 
student’s behalf.

student’s behalf. 
iv.  Copying from other during center examination

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v.  Tampering/Attempted tampering of/with examination 
grades 
vi.  Introduction of foreign materials (Including Phones) 
into examination hall/room 
 
12.0 SANCTIONS 
12.1 Offence by Students  
(A) Expulsion 
The following offences shall carry the punishment of expulsion 
for breach of Matriculation Oath: 
1. Impersonation at Examination shall involve the 
exchange of examination numbers or names, intentional

use of someone else’s name and/or registration number 
while registering online for the examination. 
2. Introduction of relevant foreign mat erials and cheat 
notes into Examination Hall. 
3. Exchange of relevant materials/information in 
Examination Hall which may involve 
collaboration/copying from each other or copying from 
cheat notes. 
4. Consulting cheat notes outside the Examination Hall in 
the course of the examination. 
5. Facilitating/abetting cheating during examination.

6. Use of mobile phones (GSM) text messages and/or other 
such communication or electronic gadgets during 
7. Life threatening assault to an invigilator, examination 
officer or any constituted authority with evidence. 
8. Willful destruction of exhibit (foreign material or cheat 
note) in the examination hall on the suspicion or on 
arrest for committing examination malpractice.

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9. Solicitation for marks or change of grades from the 
examiner or examination officer. 
10. Hacking or attempted hacking into sites containing 
materials/information relevant to examinations. 
 
(B) Rustication for One Academic Year 
The following offences shall carry the punishment of rustication 
for one session 
i. Non-submission or incomplete submission of answer 
scripts (where applicable)

scripts (where applicable) 
ii. Introduction of non -relevant materials to the Examination 
Hall. 
iii. Non-appearance at the Examination Irregulars and 
Malpractices Committee (ERIC)  
iv. If a student refuses to appear after first  year of rustication, 
it is then implied as self- withdrawal. 
v. Introduction of mobile phone(s) and/or other such 
communication or electronic gadgets to examination hall. 
vi. Any student that insults an invigilator, examination officer

or any other constituted authority during examinations 
vii. Introduction of fake examination card/ print out of 
Vigicode in the examination hall. 
 
(C) Written Warning 
The following offences shall attract a written warning  
i) Speaking/Conversation during examinations. 
ii) Unruly behaviour in the examination hall that does not affect 
the conduct of the examination. 
 
11.2 OFFENCES INVOLVING STAFF 
1. Any act of commission or omission amounting to

examination malpractice e.g. loss of students’ scripts, 
continuous assessments or project records,  alteration of

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marks etc. by a member of staff shall be referred to the 
corresponding Staff Disciplinary Committee for 
appropriate sanctions. 
2. Non ABU staff engaged as adjunct staff for the purpose 
of any examination shall be required to endorse a 
document agreeing to be subjected to an appropriate 
legal/disciplinary action as appropriate for the 
circumstance e.g. police investigation and possible 
prosecution.

prosecution. 
 
13.0 MANAGEMENT OF EXAMINATION RESULTS 
1. Tentative results shall only be made available to 
students after its approval by the DLC Academic Board 
subject to ratification by the Senate. 
2. Students shall be able to view their results (copy only) 
via the LMS, SMS/text or via other secure online 
options. 
3. An Exam checker shall be in place for students to access 
their results and forward complaints (should the need 
arise).

arise). 
4. Students are at liberty to apply for rectification 
(remarking) of their results for a fee.  
5. Students can request for and view their scripts (for a fee) 
in event they are dissatisfied with the ou tcome of the 
rectification process.  
 
*Rectification of Examination Sripts/results Does not Imply 
Passing the Course!!!